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personlighet psykologi > Psy-2503 > Flashcards

Psy-2503 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is studying developmental psychology important?

A

It helps us understand how minds and behaviors grow and change over time, provides insights into psychological processes in adults, and informs social policy decisions.

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2
Q

What are the main periods of development?

A

Prenatal, Neonatal, Infancy, Preschool, Young School Age, Later School Age, Adolescence, Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, and Late Adulthood.

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3
Q

How do qualitative and quantitative changes differ in development?

A

Qualitative changes involve new structures or processes, while quantitative changes involve incremental improvements in existing ones.

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4
Q

What is the nature versus nurture debate?

A

It examines the relative impact of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) on development.

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5
Q

What visual preferences do newborns have?

A

Newborns prefer looking at faces, particularly their mother’s, and can distinguish brightness differences.

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6
Q

How do infants perceive brightness and visual acuity?

A

Infants can perceive brightness differences but not as sharply as adults. Visual acuity develops significantly by 12 months.

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7
Q

What are the three methods to measure visual acuity in infants?

A

Preferential looking method, habituation method, and visually evoked potential (VEP) method.

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8
Q

What cues do infants use for depth perception?

A

Dynamic cues (immediate post-birth), binocular cues (from 1 month), and pictorial cues (from 6 months).

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9
Q

What are some reflexes found in newborns?

A

Babinski, Moro, Rooting, Sucking, Palmar, and Stepping reflexes.

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10
Q

How does dynamic systems theory explain motor development?

A

It views motor development as emerging from the interaction of neural, muscular, and environmental factors.

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11
Q

What cultural variations exist in motor development?

A

Practices and beliefs influence motor skill onset, such as delayed walking in Beng culture or active teaching in Kokwet culture.

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12
Q

What role do mirror neurons play in imitation?

A

Mirror neurons enable infants to imitate observed actions, forming a basis for empathy and social understanding.

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13
Q

What is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

It is the first stage of cognitive development (0–2 years) where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.

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14
Q

How do infants develop object permanence?

A

By understanding that objects exist even when out of sight; this develops gradually, with A-not-B errors common before 12 months.

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15
Q

What are the core knowledge principles in infant reasoning?

A

Continuity, solidity, contact, gravity, and inertia guide infants’ understanding of the physical world.

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16
Q

How do experiments show infants’ knowledge of physics?

A

Studies reveal infants look longer at ‘impossible’ events, indicating awareness of principles like object permanence and solidity.

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17
Q

What is attachment, and what styles exist?

A

Attachment is the emotional bond between a child and caregiver, classified as secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, or disorganized.

18
Q

What is the ‘Strange Situation’ experiment?

A

A test developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment styles in infants by observing their reactions to separations and reunions.

19
Q

What is social referencing?

A

Infants use caregivers’ emotional expressions to guide their own behavior in uncertain situations.

20
Q

What does the still-face experiment reveal?

A

Infants as young as 1.5 months become distressed when caregivers show no emotional response, highlighting the need for reciprocity.

21
Q

What are basic and complex emotions?

A

Basic emotions (e.g., joy, sadness, anger) emerge by 6 months, while complex emotions (e.g., guilt, pride) develop with self-awareness.

22
Q

How do infants regulate emotions?

A

Through methods like situation modification, attentional deployment, and response modification.

23
Q

What is temperament?

A

It is an infant’s consistent emotional and behavioral response tendencies, forming the foundation of personality.

24
Q

What is emotional contagion?

A

Infants mimic the emotions of others around them, typically observed by 6 months.

25
Q

What are the stages of early language development?

A

Prelinguistic vocalizations, babbling, holophrases, and telegraphic speech.

26
Q

What is ‘child-directed speech’?

A

Simplified, high-pitched speech used by caregivers to help infants learn language.

27
Q

What are overextension and underextension in word learning?

A

Overextension applies words too broadly, while underextension uses them too narrowly.

28
Q

What is fast mapping?

A

The rapid acquisition of word meanings, often mapping hundreds of new words monthly.

29
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor (0–2), Preoperational (2–7), Concrete Operational (7–12), and Formal Operational (12+ years).

30
Q

What are conservation tasks?

A

Tests to determine if children understand that certain properties (e.g., volume) remain unchanged despite transformations.

31
Q

What is Vygotsky’s ‘zone of proximal development’?

A

The range of tasks a child can perform with guidance, emphasizing social interaction in learning.

32
Q

What is animism?

A

A tendency to attribute human-like qualities to inanimate objects, common in preoperational children.

33
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

The inability to recall memories from the first 2–3 years of life due to changes in memory systems and brain development.

34
Q

What is executive functioning?

A

Cognitive skills involved in goal-setting, problem-solving, and self-regulation.

35
Q

What are the differences between explicit and implicit memory?

A

Explicit memory is conscious and verbalizable, while implicit memory influences behavior without conscious awareness.

36
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

A

It binds information from various brain regions to form new memories and supports long-term storage.

37
Q

How does Piaget describe moral development?

A

He outlines stages from premoral (no rule awareness) to moral realism (rules are absolute) and moral relativism (rules are negotiable).

38
Q

What is the evolutionary psychology view of morality?

A

Morality is seen as an adaptive trait selected for survival and social cooperation.

39
Q

What role does cultural psychology play in understanding morality?

A

It emphasizes the influence of culture in shaping moral values, practices, and reasoning.

40
Q

How do children develop a sense of fairness?

A

Fairness develops through social interactions, influenced by cognitive growth and cultural norms.

personlighet psykologi (6 decks)

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