PSY 210 VISUAL AND AUDITORY Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
sensory systems: creating ___ of world
A
perception
2
Q
sensation:
A
interaction of physical world and sensory organ
3
Q
sensory organs
A
skin, eyes, ears, tongue
4
Q
perception:
A
what you do with sensory info; how you process
5
Q
perception of world is ___
A
artificial
6
Q
perceptions based on ability to ___
A
perceive world
7
Q
4 aspects to sensory organ
A
- physical aspect
- specialized receptors
- specialized input
- specialized processors
8
Q
VISION: 1. physical aspects of ___
A
light
9
Q
what can we see on the electromagnetic spectrum?
A
400 nm - 760 nm
10
Q
waves.. BRIGHTNESS
A
amount of energy
11
Q
changes in amplitude =
A
changes in light
12
Q
great amplitude ==
A
bright colors
13
Q
small amplitude ==
A
dull colors
14
Q
peak-to-peak
A
wavelength
15
Q
top of wave=
bottom of wave=
A
peak
troph
16
Q
top of wave TO bottom
A
amplitude
17
Q
wavelength
A
distance between wave peaks
18
Q
what we perceive as color:
A
wavelength
19
Q
color white
A
light at every wavelength equally
20
Q
do objects have color?
A
NO, they reflect color
21
Q
color black
A
fewer/no light at wavelengths
22
Q
eye anatomy
A
cornea
iris and pupil
lens
retina
23
Q
eye sensory organ:
A
eyeball
24
Q
what does eye anatomy do
A
focus light to back of eye
25
cornea
outermost part of eye, window-like
26
iris
opens and closes
27
pupil
opens in dark light
| closes in bright
28
lens
thick frame; can be stretched and shrinked
29
retina
receptors in back of eye
30
FOVEA
center of receptors
31
"foveating"
"focusing"
32
blind people don't have a __
fovea
33
light is reflected onto __
all angles of eyeball
34
receptors only
sense light
35
TRANSDUCTION
change of physical energy to neuronal energy
36
transduction in vision starts @
rods/cones
37
3 levels of cells in fovea
1. photoreceptors (rods/cones)
2. bipolar cells
3. ganglion cells
38
photoreceptors AKA
rods/cones
39
pigment in rods and cones does ....
- bleaches pigment of photopigment
| - creates action potential
40
center surround organization is
antagonistic , center is inhibitory, outside is excitatory (vice-versa)
41
displacement
how waves get displaced
42
receptive field
- region of space in which neurons respond when a stimulus enters it
- This causes neurons in the visual system to represent space
- This external space is represented by different receptive fields of neighboring cells
- Allows the space to be represented fully by certain neuronal regions (LGN or V1)
43
retinotopic map
- full map using neighboring neurons
44
center surround organization
- allows us to perceive the edges of objects
| - without it we wouldn't know where one thing started and where one thing ended
45
visual pathway starts at
rods/cones
46
light coming in pathway:
eye - retina - ganglion cells - optic nerves - optics chiasma - lateral geniculate body of thalamus - striate cortex
47
1st synapse at
optic chiasma
48
lateral geniculate body of thalamus =
visual thalamus
49
striate cortex AKA
V1
AND
primary visual cortex
50
striate cortex is in what lobe
occipital lobe
51
what does retina and cortex absorb
```
RETINA = spots of lights
CORTEX = light bars and gratings
```
52
2 visual pathways
parietal pathway
| temporal pathway
53
parietal pathway is (anatomically)
dorsal
54
temporal pathway is (anatomically)
ventral
55
parietal pathway answers
"where"
| - spatial processing
56
temporal pathway answers
"what"
| - object perception
57
parietal pathway ...
| listed
M-ganglion - magno (large) LGN - V1 - V2 - V3 -
| -- MT (movement) - parietal lobe
58
LGN
lateral geniculate nuclei
59
temporal pathway ...
| listed
P-ganglion - parvo (small) LGN - V1 - V2 - V3 -
| -- V4 (color) - IT (form)
60
2 visual routes
superior longitudinal pathway/fasciculus - posterior parietal cortex
inferior longitudinal pathway/fasciculus - inferior temporal cortex
61
pathway aka
fasciculus
62
superior longitudinal pathway/fasciculus
| ROUTE TO
dorsal route to parietal lobe
63
inferior longitudinal pathway/fasciculus
| ROUTE TO
ventral route to temporal lobe
64
functional dissociation experiment
ungerlieder & mortimer '82
65
physiological support for what-where
monkey lesions/contingency task
66
contingency task - LT
landmark task
- cylinder as landmark
1: mark food
2: mark empty cell
- switch of contingency
67
contingency task - ODT
object discrimination task
- cylinder as landmark
1: mark food
2: mark empty cell
- cube as distracter
- SWITCH
68
parietal lesions
(single dissociation)
| disruption of "where" = poor performance of landmark task after initial contingency
69
temporal lesions
(bi-lateral)
disruption of "what" = couldn't distinguish between objects in object discrimination task
- slower initial learning
- worse switching
70
what did monkey lesions experiment do
- shows that systems are seperate from each other
71
pathways make how much of visual stream
90%
| occipital cortex
72
other percentage of visual stream
```
10%
superior colliculus (midbrain in brainstem)
pulvinar nucleus (thalamus)
```
73
3 attributes in audition physical aspects
1. amplitude = wave height
2. wavelength = peak to peak
3. frequency = # of cycles per second
74
LOUDNESS
different displacement
75
audition amplitude
wave height
76
audition wavelength
peak to peak
77
audition frequency
of times per second a wave cycles from highest to lowest pitch
Frequency also affects loudness, with higher-pitched sounds being perceived as louder. Amplitude and frequency of sound waves interact to produce the experiences of loudness and pitch.
78
sin wave reading
waves across time
79
pitch
depends most on the frequency of sound waves
80
the higher the frequency...
... the higher the pitch (wavelengths are closer)
81
frequency is measured __
in hertz (cycles per second)
82
what's audible for humans
sounds between 20 and 20,000 hertz
83
timbre
quality of sound
84
timbre depends on
complexity of sound wave
85
breaking down complex waves to simple -
| graph axes
```
frequency domain (amp)
VERSUS
time domain
```
- fundamental: associated w/ pitch
86
audition ear anatomy (input system) - BASIC
external ear
middle ear
inner ear
87
external ear
pinna
| ear canal
88
middle ear
tympanic membrane
| ossicles
89
eardrum
tympanic membrane
90
ossicles
| [BOTH]
hammer
anvil
stirrup
malleus
incus
stapes
91
inner ear
cochlea
semicircular canals
vestibular sacs
92
cochlea shaped like:
snail-like
93
audition: specialized receptors
basilar membrane
| - HAIR CELLS
94
where does transduction occur in audition?
hair cells at basilar membrane
| -- bend when fluid vibrates
95
audition pathway
dorsal/ventral nucleus - (pons) superior olivary nucleus - (midbrain) inferior colliculus medial geniculate - (cortex) audtory cortex [A1, A2]
96
cortex contains ___
tonotopic map ; organized by frequency
97
convergence in retina
lots of rods and cones, fewer bipolar cells, fewer ganglion cells
-- GETS SMALLER
98
lateral inhibition in RETINA - created by ___
horizontal & amacrine cells
99
lateral inhibition
- connect cells laterally (in between rods/cones AND bipolar, between bipolar AND ganglion)
- perpendicular to information connections
100
rods are mostly in ___
peripheral
101
cones are mostly in ___
fovea
102
how many cones are there
3
103
cones perceive __
color
104
rods perceive __
light
