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UNION > PSY 210 VISUAL AND AUDITORY > Flashcards

PSY 210 VISUAL AND AUDITORY Flashcards

1
Q

sensory systems: creating ___ of world

A

perception

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2
Q

sensation:

A

interaction of physical world and sensory organ

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3
Q

sensory organs

A

skin, eyes, ears, tongue

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4
Q

perception:

A

what you do with sensory info; how you process

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5
Q

perception of world is ___

A

artificial

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6
Q

perceptions based on ability to ___

A

perceive world

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7
Q

4 aspects to sensory organ

A
  1. physical aspect
  2. specialized receptors
  3. specialized input
  4. specialized processors
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8
Q

VISION: 1. physical aspects of ___

A

light

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9
Q

what can we see on the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

400 nm - 760 nm

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10
Q

waves.. BRIGHTNESS

A

amount of energy

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11
Q

changes in amplitude =

A

changes in light

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12
Q

great amplitude ==

A

bright colors

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13
Q

small amplitude ==

A

dull colors

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14
Q

peak-to-peak

A

wavelength

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15
Q

top of wave=

bottom of wave=

A

peak

troph

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16
Q

top of wave TO bottom

A

amplitude

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17
Q

wavelength

A

distance between wave peaks

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18
Q

what we perceive as color:

A

wavelength

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19
Q

color white

A

light at every wavelength equally

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20
Q

do objects have color?

A

NO, they reflect color

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21
Q

color black

A

fewer/no light at wavelengths

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22
Q

eye anatomy

A

cornea
iris and pupil
lens
retina

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23
Q

eye sensory organ:

A

eyeball

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24
Q

what does eye anatomy do

A

focus light to back of eye

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25
Q

cornea

A

outermost part of eye, window-like

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26
Q

iris

A

opens and closes

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27
Q

pupil

A

opens in dark light

closes in bright

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28
Q

lens

A

thick frame; can be stretched and shrinked

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29
Q

retina

A

receptors in back of eye

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30
Q

FOVEA

A

center of receptors

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31
Q

“foveating”

A

“focusing”

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32
Q

blind people don’t have a __

A

fovea

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33
Q

light is reflected onto __

A

all angles of eyeball

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34
Q

receptors only

A

sense light

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35
Q

TRANSDUCTION

A

change of physical energy to neuronal energy

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36
Q

transduction in vision starts @

A

rods/cones

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37
Q

3 levels of cells in fovea

A
  1. photoreceptors (rods/cones)
  2. bipolar cells
  3. ganglion cells
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38
Q

photoreceptors AKA

A

rods/cones

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39
Q

pigment in rods and cones does ….

A
  • bleaches pigment of photopigment

- creates action potential

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40
Q

center surround organization is

A

antagonistic , center is inhibitory, outside is excitatory (vice-versa)

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41
Q

displacement

A

how waves get displaced

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42
Q

receptive field

A
  • region of space in which neurons respond when a stimulus enters it
  • This causes neurons in the visual system to represent space
  • This external space is represented by different receptive fields of neighboring cells
  • Allows the space to be represented fully by certain neuronal regions (LGN or V1)
43
Q

retinotopic map

A
  • full map using neighboring neurons
44
Q

center surround organization

A
  • allows us to perceive the edges of objects

- without it we wouldn’t know where one thing started and where one thing ended

45
Q

visual pathway starts at

A

rods/cones

46
Q

light coming in pathway:

A

eye - retina - ganglion cells - optic nerves - optics chiasma - lateral geniculate body of thalamus - striate cortex

47
Q

1st synapse at

A

optic chiasma

48
Q

lateral geniculate body of thalamus =

A

visual thalamus

49
Q

striate cortex AKA

A

V1
AND
primary visual cortex

50
Q

striate cortex is in what lobe

A

occipital lobe

51
Q

what does retina and cortex absorb

A 
RETINA = spots of lights
CORTEX = light bars and gratings
52
Q

2 visual pathways

A

parietal pathway

temporal pathway

53
Q

parietal pathway is (anatomically)

A

dorsal

54
Q

temporal pathway is (anatomically)

A

ventral

55
Q

parietal pathway answers

A

“where”

- spatial processing

56
Q

temporal pathway answers

A

“what”

- object perception

57
Q

parietal pathway …

listed

A

M-ganglion - magno (large) LGN - V1 - V2 - V3 -

– MT (movement) - parietal lobe

58
Q

LGN

A

lateral geniculate nuclei

59
Q

temporal pathway …

listed

A

P-ganglion - parvo (small) LGN - V1 - V2 - V3 -

– V4 (color) - IT (form)

60
Q

2 visual routes

A

superior longitudinal pathway/fasciculus - posterior parietal cortex
inferior longitudinal pathway/fasciculus - inferior temporal cortex

61
Q

pathway aka

A

fasciculus

62
Q

superior longitudinal pathway/fasciculus

ROUTE TO

A

dorsal route to parietal lobe

63
Q

inferior longitudinal pathway/fasciculus

ROUTE TO

A

ventral route to temporal lobe

64
Q

functional dissociation experiment

A

ungerlieder & mortimer ‘82

65
Q

physiological support for what-where

A

monkey lesions/contingency task

66
Q

contingency task - LT

A

landmark task

  • cylinder as landmark
    1: mark food
    2: mark empty cell
  • switch of contingency
67
Q

contingency task - ODT

A

object discrimination task

  • cylinder as landmark
    1: mark food
    2: mark empty cell
  • cube as distracter
  • SWITCH
68
Q

parietal lesions

A

(single dissociation)

disruption of “where” = poor performance of landmark task after initial contingency

69
Q

temporal lesions

A

(bi-lateral)
disruption of “what” = couldn’t distinguish between objects in object discrimination task
- slower initial learning
- worse switching

70
Q

what did monkey lesions experiment do

A
  • shows that systems are seperate from each other
71
Q

pathways make how much of visual stream

A

90%

occipital cortex

72
Q

other percentage of visual stream

A 
10%
superior colliculus (midbrain in brainstem)
pulvinar nucleus (thalamus)
73
Q

3 attributes in audition physical aspects

A
  1. amplitude = wave height
  2. wavelength = peak to peak
  3. frequency = # of cycles per second
74
Q

LOUDNESS

A

different displacement

75
Q

audition amplitude

A

wave height

76
Q

audition wavelength

A

peak to peak

77
Q

audition frequency

A

of times per second a wave cycles from highest to lowest pitch

Frequency also affects loudness, with higher-pitched sounds being perceived as louder. Amplitude and frequency of sound waves interact to produce the experiences of loudness and pitch.

78
Q

sin wave reading

A

waves across time

79
Q

pitch

A

depends most on the frequency of sound waves

80
Q

the higher the frequency…

A

… the higher the pitch (wavelengths are closer)

81
Q

frequency is measured __

A

in hertz (cycles per second)

82
Q

what’s audible for humans

A

sounds between 20 and 20,000 hertz

83
Q

timbre

A

quality of sound

84
Q

timbre depends on

A

complexity of sound wave

85
Q

breaking down complex waves to simple -

graph axes

A 
frequency domain (amp)
VERSUS
time domain
  • fundamental: associated w/ pitch
86
Q

audition ear anatomy (input system) - BASIC

A

external ear
middle ear
inner ear

87
Q

external ear

A

pinna

ear canal

88
Q

middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

ossicles

89
Q

eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

90
Q

ossicles

[BOTH]

A

hammer
anvil
stirrup

malleus
incus
stapes

91
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea
semicircular canals
vestibular sacs

92
Q

cochlea shaped like:

A

snail-like

93
Q

audition: specialized receptors

A

basilar membrane

- HAIR CELLS

94
Q

where does transduction occur in audition?

A

hair cells at basilar membrane

– bend when fluid vibrates

95
Q

audition pathway

A

dorsal/ventral nucleus - (pons) superior olivary nucleus - (midbrain) inferior colliculus medial geniculate - (cortex) audtory cortex [A1, A2]

96
Q

cortex contains ___

A

tonotopic map ; organized by frequency

97
Q

convergence in retina

A

lots of rods and cones, fewer bipolar cells, fewer ganglion cells
– GETS SMALLER

98
Q

lateral inhibition in RETINA - created by ___

A

horizontal & amacrine cells

99
Q

lateral inhibition

A
  • connect cells laterally (in between rods/cones AND bipolar, between bipolar AND ganglion)
  • perpendicular to information connections
100
Q

rods are mostly in ___

A

peripheral

101
Q

cones are mostly in ___

A

fovea

102
Q

how many cones are there

A

3

103
Q

cones perceive __

A

color

104
Q

rods perceive __

A

light

UNION (10 decks)

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