PSY 210 Midterm Flashcards
how to acquire a skill
deliberate, spaced practice in a variety of settings
WHO: generation effect
bobrow, bower 69
generation effect?
generating own knowledge, will remember better
WHO: depth effect
craik, lockhart 72
depth effect?
shallow v. deep processing; long term memory
WHO: spaced practice
schmidt, bjork 92; healy, bourne 95
spaced practice?
cramming/blocked: learn fast, lose fast
spaced/random learning: slow initial, better retention
WHO: testing effect
roediger, karpicke 06
testing effect?
testing is a powerful means of improving and promoting learning
transfer
transferring a skill from one place to another; best: info is experienced in many different contexts during learning
types of neurons
purkinje cells, pyramidal, extrapyramidal
types of glial cells
oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia
oligodendrocytes function
hold many axons in place, wraps small sections of many; structural support
where are oligodendrocytes
in brain
Schwann cells function
wraps entire cell body around axon
what is myelin sheathing
insulation, cover axons of neurons
where are Schwann cells
peripheral nervous system
what are astrocytes
end feet connect blood vessels and neurons; controls Blood-Brain Barrier; nutritive role
what are the macroglia
oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes
microglia function
eat up dead cells (ambitious); structural integrity - forms glial scar; phagocytosis - ingestion of bacteria
ramon y cajal 1906
structure of neuron
neuron doctrine
different cells have different functions; neurons are fundamental & functional units of nervous ambitious
dynamic polarization
information flows in one direction
connection specificity
cells not physically connected; no random connects - everything for a reason
unipolar neuron: how many processes
1
bipolar neuron: how many processes
2
multipolar neuron: how many processes
more than 2
pseudounipolar neuron: how many processes
1 split process
where does input occur
at dendrites
where does integration occur
axon hillock
where does conduction occur
axon
where does output occur
axon terminals
hodgkin and huxley experiment
giant squid; measured inside versus outside of neuron
resting potential numbers
between -40 and -90 mV
electrostatic forces
attraction between unlike charges, repulsion between like charges
diffusion
moving from high concentration to low
why inside is negative: distribution of ions
inside: A-, K+, Na+, Cl-
outside: Ca2+, K+, Na+, Cl-
why inside is negative: Na+ and K+ pumps
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in = exasteration
why inside is negative: permeability
(in) Cl- = most free to move, small, no chanells
(out) K+ = many non-gated K+ channels
(in) Na+ = not as many non-gated Na+ channels
(in) Ca2+ = selective voltage-gated calcium channels
A- = too big to pass thorugh membrane
why inside is negative: calcium pump
@ axon terminal: actively pumping calcium out of neuron
input:
receptor potential = ….
sensory neuron
input:
synaptic potential = ….
motor neurons/interneurons
depolarizing / excitatory neurotransmitters:
direction & what channels
less negative, more positive
opening chemically-gated Na+ channels
hyperpolarizing / inhibitory neurotransmitters:
direction & what channels
more negative
opening chemically-gated Cl- channels
input:
electrical synapse
only excitatory inputs, influx of Na+ from presynaptic action potential (depolarizes)
input:
chemical synapse
inhibitory and excitatory inputs,
excitatory: opens chemical gated Na+ (Na+ rushes in) - depolarizes glutamine
inhibitory: Gaba binds to postsynaptic site - Cl - rushes in, hyperpolarizes
what is integration
highest density of voltage gated Na+ channels,
summation of net charge of all inputs coming in
threshold is ___ voltage
set
what is conduction
propagation of action potential down axon
absolute refractory period
impossible for new a.p. to fire
relative refractory period
hard to fire
2 refractory periods:
absolute and relative
all-or-nothing
must reach threshold
- depolarization
voltage gated Na+ channels open (in rush of Na+)
when is rising phase
depolarization
at top of action potation
Na+ voltage gated channels close
K+ voltage gated channels close
- repolarization
K+ released
when is declining phase
repolarization
- hyperpolarization
decline in voltage (more neg than resting potential)
K+ channels remain open
moving down axon: propagation:
non-myelinated, rushes down at every part of axon
moving down axon: saltatory conduction:
myelinated, jumps from node of ranvier to next
MS: multiple sclerosis
demyelinated production; slowing of info
- output
propagation has finished
types of synaptic transmission
electrical and chemical
electrical transmission
cytoplasm shared/fused, no delay; pre and post connected by gap junction;
ONLY excitatory input;
bidirectional;
no neurotransmitters
chemical transmission
significant delay; voltage-gated Ca2+ open (ca2+ flows in); vesicles bind to receptors; exocytosis: binding of neurotransmitters to membrane; unidirectional; mostly in peripheral
@ receptors in chemical transmission
- increased positivity inside neuron releases Ca2+ channels
- Ca2+ moves inward
- Ca2+ triggers exocytosis: binding of vesicles to membrane
- Ca2+ binds w/ membrane, releases neurotransmitter into cleft
- neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft, binds w/ receptor site
temporal summation
close together in time (treated as single input)
spatial summation
difference in space not meaningful
layers of brain:
gray out, white in, neocortex, mesocortex, allocortex
cytoarchitecture cortical regions
staining and tract tracing: Horseradish peroxidase, golgi, nissl substance
Brodmann: 52 –> 50,
can be divided into functional areas
4 lobes of brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
gyri: ____, sulci: ____
peaks, valleys
dorsal
superior
ventral
inferior
rostral
anterior
caudal
posterior
gyri in temporal lobe
superior temporal lobe, middle “, inferior “, sylvian fissure
gyri in frontal lobe
superior frontal lobe, middle “, inferior “, precentral gyrus
gyri in parietal lobe
supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, post central gyrus
gyri in occipital lobe
lateral occipital gyrus
cortical functional areas: frontal - parietal - occipital - temporal -
frontal - MOTOR
parietal - SOMATOSENSORY
occipital - VISUAL
temporal - AUDITORY
body map
representation of body in regard to movement ; people who use fingers have increased neuronal tissue
subcortical: LIMBIC LOBE … made up of
subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus
subcortical: LIMBIC SYSTEM … made up of
amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia
BASAL GANGLIA made up of
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
first 2: neostriatum
all: corpus striatum
BRAINSTEM made up of
midbrain – pons – medulla (becomes spinal cord)
CEREBELLUM seperated by ___
vermis
CEREBELLUM called ___
“old brain”
deep nuclei in CEREBELLUM
fastigial, interposed, dentate
