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UNION > PSY 210 Midterm > Flashcards

PSY 210 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

how to acquire a skill

A

deliberate, spaced practice in a variety of settings

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2
Q

WHO: generation effect

A

bobrow, bower 69

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3
Q

generation effect?

A

generating own knowledge, will remember better

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4
Q

WHO: depth effect

A

craik, lockhart 72

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5
Q

depth effect?

A

shallow v. deep processing; long term memory

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6
Q

WHO: spaced practice

A

schmidt, bjork 92; healy, bourne 95

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7
Q

spaced practice?

A

cramming/blocked: learn fast, lose fast

spaced/random learning: slow initial, better retention

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8
Q

WHO: testing effect

A

roediger, karpicke 06

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9
Q

testing effect?

A

testing is a powerful means of improving and promoting learning

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10
Q

transfer

A

transferring a skill from one place to another; best: info is experienced in many different contexts during learning

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11
Q

types of neurons

A

purkinje cells, pyramidal, extrapyramidal

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12
Q

types of glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia

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13
Q

oligodendrocytes function

A

hold many axons in place, wraps small sections of many; structural support

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14
Q

where are oligodendrocytes

A

in brain

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15
Q

Schwann cells function

A

wraps entire cell body around axon

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16
Q

what is myelin sheathing

A

insulation, cover axons of neurons

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17
Q

where are Schwann cells

A

peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

what are astrocytes

A

end feet connect blood vessels and neurons; controls Blood-Brain Barrier; nutritive role

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19
Q

what are the macroglia

A

oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes

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20
Q

microglia function

A

eat up dead cells (ambitious); structural integrity - forms glial scar; phagocytosis - ingestion of bacteria

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21
Q

ramon y cajal 1906

A

structure of neuron

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22
Q

neuron doctrine

A

different cells have different functions; neurons are fundamental & functional units of nervous ambitious

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23
Q

dynamic polarization

A

information flows in one direction

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24
Q

connection specificity

A

cells not physically connected; no random connects - everything for a reason

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25
Q

unipolar neuron: how many processes

A

1

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26
Q

bipolar neuron: how many processes

A

2

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27
Q

multipolar neuron: how many processes

A

more than 2

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28
Q

pseudounipolar neuron: how many processes

A

1 split process

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29
Q

where does input occur

A

at dendrites

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30
Q

where does integration occur

A

axon hillock

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31
Q

where does conduction occur

A

axon

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32
Q

where does output occur

A

axon terminals

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33
Q

hodgkin and huxley experiment

A

giant squid; measured inside versus outside of neuron

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34
Q

resting potential numbers

A

between -40 and -90 mV

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35
Q

electrostatic forces

A

attraction between unlike charges, repulsion between like charges

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36
Q

diffusion

A

moving from high concentration to low

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37
Q

why inside is negative: distribution of ions

A

inside: A-, K+, Na+, Cl-
outside: Ca2+, K+, Na+, Cl-

38
Q

why inside is negative: Na+ and K+ pumps

A

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in = exasteration

39
Q

why inside is negative: permeability

A

(in) Cl- = most free to move, small, no chanells
(out) K+ = many non-gated K+ channels
(in) Na+ = not as many non-gated Na+ channels
(in) Ca2+ = selective voltage-gated calcium channels
A- = too big to pass thorugh membrane

40
Q

why inside is negative: calcium pump

A

@ axon terminal: actively pumping calcium out of neuron

41
Q

input:

receptor potential = ….

A

sensory neuron

42
Q

input:

synaptic potential = ….

A

motor neurons/interneurons

43
Q

depolarizing / excitatory neurotransmitters:

direction & what channels

A

less negative, more positive

opening chemically-gated Na+ channels

44
Q

hyperpolarizing / inhibitory neurotransmitters:

direction & what channels

A

more negative

opening chemically-gated Cl- channels

45
Q

input:

electrical synapse

A

only excitatory inputs, influx of Na+ from presynaptic action potential (depolarizes)

46
Q

input:

chemical synapse

A

inhibitory and excitatory inputs,

excitatory: opens chemical gated Na+ (Na+ rushes in) - depolarizes glutamine
inhibitory: Gaba binds to postsynaptic site - Cl - rushes in, hyperpolarizes

47
Q

what is integration

A

highest density of voltage gated Na+ channels,

summation of net charge of all inputs coming in

48
Q

threshold is ___ voltage

A

set

49
Q

what is conduction

A

propagation of action potential down axon

50
Q

absolute refractory period

A

impossible for new a.p. to fire

51
Q

relative refractory period

A

hard to fire

52
Q

2 refractory periods:

A

absolute and relative

53
Q

all-or-nothing

A

must reach threshold

54
Q
  1. depolarization
A

voltage gated Na+ channels open (in rush of Na+)

55
Q

when is rising phase

A

depolarization

56
Q

at top of action potation

A

Na+ voltage gated channels close

K+ voltage gated channels close

57
Q
  1. repolarization
A

K+ released

58
Q

when is declining phase

A

repolarization

59
Q
  1. hyperpolarization
A

decline in voltage (more neg than resting potential)

K+ channels remain open

60
Q

moving down axon: propagation:

A

non-myelinated, rushes down at every part of axon

61
Q

moving down axon: saltatory conduction:

A

myelinated, jumps from node of ranvier to next

62
Q

MS: multiple sclerosis

A

demyelinated production; slowing of info

63
Q
  1. output
A

propagation has finished

64
Q

types of synaptic transmission

A

electrical and chemical

65
Q

electrical transmission

A

cytoplasm shared/fused, no delay; pre and post connected by gap junction;
ONLY excitatory input;
bidirectional;
no neurotransmitters

66
Q

chemical transmission

A 
significant delay;
voltage-gated Ca2+ open (ca2+ flows in);
vesicles bind to receptors;
exocytosis: binding of neurotransmitters to membrane;
unidirectional;
mostly in peripheral
67
Q

@ receptors in chemical transmission

A
  1. increased positivity inside neuron releases Ca2+ channels
  2. Ca2+ moves inward
  3. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis: binding of vesicles to membrane
  4. Ca2+ binds w/ membrane, releases neurotransmitter into cleft
  5. neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft, binds w/ receptor site
68
Q

temporal summation

A

close together in time (treated as single input)

69
Q

spatial summation

A

difference in space not meaningful

70
Q

layers of brain:

A

gray out, white in, neocortex, mesocortex, allocortex

71
Q

cytoarchitecture cortical regions

A

staining and tract tracing: Horseradish peroxidase, golgi, nissl substance
Brodmann: 52 –> 50,
can be divided into functional areas

72
Q

4 lobes of brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

73
Q

gyri: ____, sulci: ____

A

peaks, valleys

74
Q

dorsal

A

superior

75
Q

ventral

A

inferior

76
Q

rostral

A

anterior

77
Q

caudal

A

posterior

78
Q

gyri in temporal lobe

A

superior temporal lobe, middle “, inferior “, sylvian fissure

79
Q

gyri in frontal lobe

A

superior frontal lobe, middle “, inferior “, precentral gyrus

80
Q

gyri in parietal lobe

A

supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, post central gyrus

81
Q

gyri in occipital lobe

A

lateral occipital gyrus

82
Q 
cortical functional areas:
frontal - 
parietal - 
occipital - 
temporal -
A

frontal - MOTOR
parietal - SOMATOSENSORY
occipital - VISUAL
temporal - AUDITORY

83
Q

body map

A

representation of body in regard to movement ; people who use fingers have increased neuronal tissue

84
Q

subcortical: LIMBIC LOBE … made up of

A

subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus

85
Q

subcortical: LIMBIC SYSTEM … made up of

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia

86
Q

BASAL GANGLIA made up of

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
first 2: neostriatum
all: corpus striatum

87
Q

BRAINSTEM made up of

A

midbrain – pons – medulla (becomes spinal cord)

88
Q

CEREBELLUM seperated by ___

A

vermis

89
Q

CEREBELLUM called ___

A

“old brain”

90
Q

deep nuclei in CEREBELLUM

A

fastigial, interposed, dentate

UNION (10 decks)

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