PSY 200 Midterm Flashcards
The _________ perspective focuses on how biology influences behavior. This perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases of behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics. STUDY
Biopsychology
The ________ perspective focuses on the human potential for good and positive growth. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are among this perspective’s most prominent theorists. STUDY
humanistic
___________ was an early school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components, or structures, of conscious experiences. STUDY
structuralism
If you are interested in the functionalist approach to psychology, you would be most interested in
the purpose of behavior
In his practice, Dr. Wagner stresses his clients’ unconscious processes as well as their unresolved conflicts and early childhood experiences. Dr. Wagner adheres to the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
Which of the following perspectives focuses on the role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think?
cognitive
Which perspective of psychology emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning? Theorists ascribing to this perspective include Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner.
behaviorism
Wilhelm Wundt/Edward Titchener are to ________, as William James is to ________.
structuralism; functionalism
Which perspective argues that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception?
Gestalt psychology
Which branch of psychology focuses on the ways individuals interact with and relate to others? Psychologists in this field explore topics relating to attraction, prejudice, and conflict.
Social psychology
A correlation coefficient indicates the ________ between two factors.
strength of relationship
__________ reasoning is top-down reasoning in which researchers begin with a general idea that can be tested in the real world. __________ reasoning is bottom-up reasoning in which real-world observations lead to new ideas and theories.
deductive; inductive
___________ is a method of investigation used to demonstrate cause and effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.
experimental research
A theory can be defined as:
a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena.
In an experiment, the _________ is the purposefully manipulated factor and is controlled by the experimenter.
independent variable
In an experiment, the factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment:
dependent variable
A major criticism of Freud’s theory is that it was not:
falsifiable
A study finds that as hours of study time increase, GPA also increases. This finding is an example of a ___________ correlation.
positive
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
-.90
Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?
The more hours spent watching TV, the lower the exam grade
A neurologist says that your aunt has a condition affecting her central nervous system. You know from your text that the parts affected are the
brain and spinal cord
An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron’s axon, changing the neuron’s charge from negative to positive is called __________.
action potential
________ are chemical messengers of the nervous system that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite of a receiving neuron.
neurotransmitters
The ________ is a protective coating of fat that coats the axon of a neuron and insulates and speeds transmission of neural impulses.
myelin sheath
Which of the following are the two integrated parts of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
The ____________ nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body down after a stressor or emergency.
parasympathetic
Which division of the nervous system controls our internal organs and glands – the heart, blood vessels, glands, lungs, and other organs that function involuntarily?
autonomic
Which part of the autonomic division of the nervous system acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organisms resources to respond to a threat?
sympathetic
The primary function of dendrites is to
receive messages from other neurons
The _____________ division of the nervous system specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs.
somatic
The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.
thalamus
The _______ is involved in our experience of emotion and in tying emotional meaning to our memories.
amygdala
The ________ cortex is responsible for higher level cognitive functioning.
prefrontal
The _____lobe is involved in processing information from the body’s senses and contains the somatosensory cortex.
parietal
The ______ lobe is associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language and contains the auditory cortex.
temporal
The ______ lobe contains the primary visual cortex and is responsible for interpreting incoming visual information.
occipital
___________ is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.
narcolepsy
__________ is a sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.
sleep apnea
___________ are a group of addictive drugs that relieve pain and produce feelings of euphoria.
opioids
The cyclical daily (24 hour) fluctuations in biological and psychological processes are called _____________ rhythms.
circadian
__________ proposed that dreams are a way to access the unconscious mind.
Sigmund Freud
_________ are psychoactive drugs that suppress or inhibit central nervous system activity.
depressants
The body’s biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the:
hypothalamus
According to Freud, the ________ content of a dream is the actual content or storyline, whereas the _______ content is the hidden meaning of the dream. STUDY
manifest; latent
_______ is a sleep disorder in which a person has difficulty falling or staying asleep.
insomnia
_________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.
tolerance
The thin, light sensitive membrane, located at the back of the eye, that contains the sensory receptors for vision is called the ________________.
retina
The ___________ theory states that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths. These cone receptors are sensitive to red, blue, and green.
trichromatic
_________ are the receptor cells in the retina that work best in bright light, detect color, and are responsible for color vision and visual acuity.
cones
____________ are the receptors in the retina that work well in low light conditions, but are not sensitive to color and are primarily responsible for peripheral vision and night vision.
rods
The __________ theory of color vision states that receptor cells for color are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other.
trichromatic
The smallest intensity of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time is called an:
absolute threshold
Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as:
sensory adaptation
________ occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
perception
________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.
transduction
_______ is when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
sensation
Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others is called:
observational learning
In _________, an undesirable stimulus is added to decrease a behavior.
positive punishment
The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus is known as:
extinction
In ____________, a pleasant stimulus is removed in order to decrease behavior.
negative punishment
In operant conditioning, ___________ reinforcement is when a response is followed by the addition of a desirable stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
positive
In the famous experiment with Pavlov’s dogs, Pavlov rang a bell before presenting the food to the dogs each time.
The dogs learned to anticipate food whenever the bell was rung and began to salivate in response to sound of the bell only. After this association was learned, salivation to the sound of the bell only would be called the ___________.
conditioned response
In this same experiment, the food that originally produced salivation in the dogs, with no learning needed, was considered the
___________.
unconditioned stimulus
In Pavlov’s experiments, salivation to the food would be considered the:
unconditioned response
In this same experiment with Pavlov’s dogs, the bell, after being paired with the food numerous times, eventually produced salivation by itself, with no presentation of food. The bell itself would be called the _____________.
conditioned stimulus
___________ reinforcement is when a response results in the removal of an undesirable stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
negative
Mental shortcuts that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer are called:
heuristics
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of _____________.
human thinking
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
anchoring bias
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________________.
algorithm
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Sternberg
The ability to understand emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions:
emotional intelligence
_________ consists of acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.
crystallized intelligence
__________ consists of the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.
fluid intelligence
Sternberg proposed that _____________ intelligence consists of “street smarts”.
practical
A problem solving strategy which involves continuing to try different solutions until a problem is solved:
trial and error
_____ was an early perspective in psychology which focused on the purpose on behavior. STUDY
functionalism
