PSY 155 Exam 2 review Flashcards
Define assimilation
Modification of new information to fit into our existing schemas
Define accommodation
Reorganizing what we know to fit new information
Anal stage years
1-3 years of age
Anal stage conflict?
Toilet training
Fixation example?
Messiness, neatness
What is Eriksons second stage?
Autonomy vs doubt
Define autonomy vs shame & doubt
Taking initiative & trying to do things one’s self is desirable or not trusting one’s gut & feeling discouraged to take control over one’s life ( doubting one’s instinct)
Infant directed speech
Involves baby talk & exaggerating the vowel & constant sounds delivering the phrase with great facial expression
Define infant amnesia
Inability to recall memories from the first few years of life
what are the primary (basic) emotions?
surprise, interest, happiness, anger, fear, sadness, & disgust
what are the secondary emotions? & what can it also be known as?
self conscious emotions; envy, pride, shame, guilt, doubt & embarrassment
what are the two emotional responses given from birth?
attraction & withdrawal
define self awareness
realization that you are separate from others, necessary for understanding social emotions
what is the rouge test?
mirror self recognition test; development of self awareness
at what age are children self aware as mentioned in the rouge test?
18 months
define social referencing
process whereby infants seek out information from others to clarify a situation then use it to act
what was the visual cliff video based on?
whether the mothers facial expressions were approving or denying towards the situation
define forming attachment
close bound w caregiver which infant derives a sense of security
what are Freuds attachment stages? and ages?
oral (0-3), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latency (6-12), genital (12+)
what are Eriksons psychosocial stages?
trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame & doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion etc..
define secure attachment and its reaction
explores freely while caregiver is present; upset when caregiver leaves but is fine when they return
define ambivalent/ anxious attachment
wary about situation, stays close to caregiver; when alone they are distressed
- may resist soothing attempt
the child with this attachment style stays close or even clings to the caregiver, in the strange situation
anxious/ ambivalent attachment
T/F? autonomy vs shame & doubt is the first stage of Eriksons psychosocial stages
False. second stage
- trust vs mistrust 1st stage
define avoidant attachment
will avoid or ignore when left alone; child will not explore much
define disorganized/ disoriented attachment
inconsistent way of coping w stress; may cry during separation but avoid mother or approach, freeze, fall when mother approaches
what is an unavailable caregiver
can contribute to development of insecure attachment style
what body part could child obesity cause harm to?
heart, lungs, muscles, bones
what could childhood obesity be related to?
poor eating, binging, lack of exercise, low self esteem, depression
what are the chances of obesity if one parent is obese? if both?
50%, if both 80%
define just right phenomena
children desire of consistency & may be upset if changed; not allowing the child to take control
by what age and percentage is the brain developed?
age 6, 95% of its adult weight
T/F? within your right hemisphere, your language improves
false; left hemisphere language increases significantly
T/F? Your right hemisphere spatial skills continue to improve
true
what are the ages of Piagets preoperational stages?
2-7 years of age
what are children doing in piagets preoperational stage?
use symbols to represent words, images, & ideas
T/F? children begin to use the language in preoperational stage, but cannot understand adult logic or mentally manipulate information
True
define egocentrism & example
tendency of not being able to take the perspective of others and instead thinks that everyone thinks, sees, feels just as they do
Ex: describing what they see in the picture but not considering what the doll sees on the other side
define animism & example
the belief that inanimate objects objects have lifelike qualities
Ex: chair falls down on child’s ankle, may think the chair is mean
define syncretism & example
the tendency to think that two events occurring simultaneously had a casual relationship
Ex: if child puts on bathing suit they think will it turn summer
define conservation & example
the awareness that altering a substances appearance does not change its basic properties
Ex: cutting sandwich in half
define irreversibility & example
a young childs difficulty mentally reversing a sequence of events
Ex: same beaker, child does not comprehend it is the same liquid in different size beaker
T/F? Operations are not logical rules
false. operations ARE logical rules
what does operation refer to?
the use of logical rules. this stage is misinterpreted as implying children are illogical
define theory of mind
the understanding that the mind holds people’s beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.
at what age do children begin to understand that thoughts and realities do not match?
age 4
T/F? One component of this is understanding that the mind can be tricked or that the mind is not always accurate
True
define fast mapping
when words are easily learned through connections between new words and existing concepts
from 2-6 years of age, how many words does a childs language expand to?
200- 10,000 words
define overregulation
the process in learning language which children overgeneralize rules to words where the rule is not applicable
what has a child done when they use a word incorrectly and use a new rule for it
overregulated the rule
example of overregulated
if a child says “i goes there”, “i does that”
define egocentric speech
the tendency to not be able to take the perspective of others, and instead thinks everyone sees, thinks and feels as they do
which theorist believed in egocentric speech
Piaget
define private speech
seeking to solve problems or clarify thoughts
which theorist believed in private speech?
vygotsky
who hypothesized the zone of proximal development?
vygotsky
define zone of proximal Development and who hypothesized this concept?
vygotsky; the range of material that a child is ready to learn if proper support & guidance from those who know the material
define scaffolding
the guide provides needed assistance to the child as a new skill is learned
what is the leading source of learning and what year? who suggested this?
play in preschool years, vygotsky suggested this
what are the four styles of freeplay?
self directed/ self-chosen, motivated, structured & imaginative
who emphasized free play
Dr. Peter Gray
what were piagets four developmental stages of play?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, & formal operation stage
what is the sensorimotor age?
birth to 2 years of age
what is the preoperational age?
2-7 years of age
what is the concrete operational age?
7-11 years of age
what is the formal operational age?
12+ of age
define sensorimotor stage & what they do
babies using their senses to learn about the world
- repetitive motor movements
define preoperational stage & what they do
learning to associate objects with words which have no real adult logic behind it
-use imaginative play through pretend play
define concrete operational stage and what they do
logical thinking emerges
-use concrete objects to develop a systematic rules or ideas
define formal operational stage
abstract thinking; ability to reason and think hypothetically
-competitive games with complex rules
what are the six stages of social play?
- unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, & cooperative play
who categorized the six stages of play?
mildred parten
define rough and tumble play
a form of social physical play that is playful, appears to function as compelling learning environment for social and emotional development
what are the benefits of rough and tumble play?
teaches effort comes with rewards, learns to manage emotions
what are the 6 factors of risky play
great heights, rapid speeds, dangerous tools, elements, rough and tumble, getting lost
define self esteem
lack of social comparison & tend to focus on comparison between what one can do now versus the past
- an evaluative judgment of who we are
T/F? self esteem is exempt from negative evaluations
False. self esteem is not exempt from negative evaluations
T/F? those with insecure attachment are at higher risk of low self esteem
true
define self concept and give an example
the idea of who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think & feel
-such as our external and internal qualities
Ex: how a child would define themselves compared to an adult
what is the focus of ones external qualities
categorical self
define looking-glass self
this involves looking at how others seem to view us and interpret this as we make judgements of ourselves
define response inhibition
involves the ability to recognize a potential behavior before it occurs, and stop the initiation of behaviors that could result in undesired consequences
define delayed gratification
the ability to hold out for a larger reward by forgoing a smaller immediate reward
define self control
involves delayed gratification and response inhibition
what is the cool/ hot system
cool system; our ability to control our delayed gratification depending on our ability to engage our rational cognitive system
- hot system; impulsive system, obsessing about the difficulty of resisting a temptation
what experiment did the hot/ cool system conduct?
the stanford marshmallow experiment, where children where told to wait in a room w a marshmallow in front of them
what can technology be use for?
a tool for learning, increase access for learning opportunities, strengthen relationships, effective learning
define passive use
when children are consuming content without accompanying participation, reflection or imagination
- using tv, computer, device
define active use
when children use technologies to engage in meaningful learning or storytelling experiences
- using computers, devices, apps
at what age do families and educators need to take into account that technology can be used in different settings
ages 2-5
stress in children can be what?
positive, tolerable, or toxic
define positive stress and give an example on what it does to the child
promotes resilience and arises from beliefs
- high heart rate, change in hormone cortisol levels
define tolerable stress and give an example
adverse experiences that are relatively intense in nature, but the child can overcome it
-Ex: death of a loved one, accidents
define toxic stress and give an example
chronic, excessive stress that exceeds a childs ability to cope especially without support
- Ex: affects childs memory abilities
define ACEs
adverse childhood experiences; experiencing abuse, neglect
- potentially traumatic events
define exergaming
the combination of interactive exercise video game w game play
what are the inductive reasonings for concrete operational stage?
classification, identity, reversibility, conservation
T/F? concrete refers to things that can be seen, touched or experienced
True
describe classification and give an example
build schemes and organize objects in many ways
- understanding classification hierarchies and arrange objects into classes/ subclasses
describe identity and give an example
the understanding that objects have qualities that do not change if objects are altered
Ex: a chalk is still chalk if broken into two
describe reversibility
child knows that some things have been changed but can be returned to its original state
-Ex: water can be frozen, then melted to water again
define inductive reasonings
logical process in which multiple premises believed to be true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion
what are the three levels of memory according to piaget?
sensory, working, long-term
define sensory memory
where information first enters
define working memory
when meaningful information consists of information we are aware of but has limited space
define long term memory
unlimited capacity and consists of things we know and can remember
T/F? children in middle childhood have build the ways they attend to and store information and have a better
understanding of how well they are performing a task and how difficult it is for them
True
describe memory strategies
often lacking in younger children but increase in frequency as children progress through elementary school
what are some examples of memory strategies?
recall information, visualizing and organizing information, creating rhymes, inventing acronyms
by what age were children using two or more memory strategies to recall information
by age 10
for brain development, what does the right hempishere do?
comprehend and appreciate humor
for brain development, what does the left hemisphere do?
cognitively understand humor
who has trouble understanding humor
autism and mental retardation
what is effective classroom humor? and how does self-effacing contribute?
relevant humor to the course; illustrating to students that the teacher is comfortable with making mistakes
define self-fulfilling prophecy
when the person tends to act in such a way as to make what you predict will happen and reinforce the power of labeling
what is an example of self-fulfilling prophecy?
when a child is misdiagnosed as a learning disabled they will start to perform as such
describe freuds latency stage and what age?
age 6-12, a focus on development and stimulations coming from secondary sources (relationships education, hobbies)
describe eriksons fourth stage and what age
industry vs inferiority, age 6-12; learn to do things well according to standards set by others
define social identity
a sense of who we are based on our group memberships
which experiment correlated with social identity?
Robbers cave experiment
define terror management theory
suggest that being reminded of death can influence a childs attitude towards in/out groups
what do children in early childhood think about death?
think the individual is sleeping and can return
what do children in middle childhood think about death?
begin to understand the concept of death; think they could have prevented it/ feel guilty
