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Psy 155 > PSY 155 Exam 2 review > Flashcards

PSY 155 Exam 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

Define assimilation

A

Modification of new information to fit into our existing schemas

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2
Q

Define accommodation

A

Reorganizing what we know to fit new information

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3
Q

Anal stage years

A

1-3 years of age

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4
Q

Anal stage conflict?

A

Toilet training

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5
Q

Fixation example?

A

Messiness, neatness

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6
Q

What is Eriksons second stage?

A

Autonomy vs doubt

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7
Q

Define autonomy vs shame & doubt

A

Taking initiative & trying to do things one’s self is desirable or not trusting one’s gut & feeling discouraged to take control over one’s life ( doubting one’s instinct)

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8
Q

Infant directed speech

A

Involves baby talk & exaggerating the vowel & constant sounds delivering the phrase with great facial expression

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9
Q

Define infant amnesia

A

Inability to recall memories from the first few years of life

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10
Q

what are the primary (basic) emotions?

A

surprise, interest, happiness, anger, fear, sadness, & disgust

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11
Q

what are the secondary emotions? & what can it also be known as?

A

self conscious emotions; envy, pride, shame, guilt, doubt & embarrassment

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12
Q

what are the two emotional responses given from birth?

A

attraction & withdrawal

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13
Q

define self awareness

A

realization that you are separate from others, necessary for understanding social emotions

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14
Q

what is the rouge test?

A

mirror self recognition test; development of self awareness

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15
Q

at what age are children self aware as mentioned in the rouge test?

A

18 months

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16
Q

define social referencing

A

process whereby infants seek out information from others to clarify a situation then use it to act

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17
Q

what was the visual cliff video based on?

A

whether the mothers facial expressions were approving or denying towards the situation

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18
Q

define forming attachment

A

close bound w caregiver which infant derives a sense of security

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19
Q

what are Freuds attachment stages? and ages?

A

oral (0-3), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latency (6-12), genital (12+)

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20
Q

what are Eriksons psychosocial stages?

A

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame & doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion etc..

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21
Q

define secure attachment and its reaction

A

explores freely while caregiver is present; upset when caregiver leaves but is fine when they return

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22
Q

define ambivalent/ anxious attachment

A

wary about situation, stays close to caregiver; when alone they are distressed
- may resist soothing attempt

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23
Q

the child with this attachment style stays close or even clings to the caregiver, in the strange situation

A

anxious/ ambivalent attachment

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24
Q

T/F? autonomy vs shame & doubt is the first stage of Eriksons psychosocial stages

A

False. second stage
- trust vs mistrust 1st stage

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25
Q

define avoidant attachment

A

will avoid or ignore when left alone; child will not explore much

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26
Q

define disorganized/ disoriented attachment

A

inconsistent way of coping w stress; may cry during separation but avoid mother or approach, freeze, fall when mother approaches

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27
Q

what is an unavailable caregiver

A

can contribute to development of insecure attachment style

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28
Q

what body part could child obesity cause harm to?

A

heart, lungs, muscles, bones

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29
Q

what could childhood obesity be related to?

A

poor eating, binging, lack of exercise, low self esteem, depression

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30
Q

what are the chances of obesity if one parent is obese? if both?

A

50%, if both 80%

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31
Q

define just right phenomena

A

children desire of consistency & may be upset if changed; not allowing the child to take control

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32
Q

by what age and percentage is the brain developed?

A

age 6, 95% of its adult weight

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33
Q

T/F? within your right hemisphere, your language improves

A

false; left hemisphere language increases significantly

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34
Q

T/F? Your right hemisphere spatial skills continue to improve

A

true

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35
Q

what are the ages of Piagets preoperational stages?

A

2-7 years of age

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36
Q

what are children doing in piagets preoperational stage?

A

use symbols to represent words, images, & ideas

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37
Q

T/F? children begin to use the language in preoperational stage, but cannot understand adult logic or mentally manipulate information

A

True

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38
Q

define egocentrism & example

A

tendency of not being able to take the perspective of others and instead thinks that everyone thinks, sees, feels just as they do
Ex: describing what they see in the picture but not considering what the doll sees on the other side

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39
Q

define animism & example

A

the belief that inanimate objects objects have lifelike qualities
Ex: chair falls down on child’s ankle, may think the chair is mean

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40
Q

define syncretism & example

A

the tendency to think that two events occurring simultaneously had a casual relationship
Ex: if child puts on bathing suit they think will it turn summer

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41
Q

define conservation & example

A

the awareness that altering a substances appearance does not change its basic properties
Ex: cutting sandwich in half

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42
Q

define irreversibility & example

A

a young childs difficulty mentally reversing a sequence of events
Ex: same beaker, child does not comprehend it is the same liquid in different size beaker

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43
Q

T/F? Operations are not logical rules

A

false. operations ARE logical rules

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44
Q

what does operation refer to?

A

the use of logical rules. this stage is misinterpreted as implying children are illogical

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45
Q

define theory of mind

A

the understanding that the mind holds people’s beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.

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46
Q

at what age do children begin to understand that thoughts and realities do not match?

A

age 4

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47
Q

T/F? One component of this is understanding that the mind can be tricked or that the mind is not always accurate

A

True

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48
Q

define fast mapping

A

when words are easily learned through connections between new words and existing concepts

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49
Q

from 2-6 years of age, how many words does a childs language expand to?

A

200- 10,000 words

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50
Q

define overregulation

A

the process in learning language which children overgeneralize rules to words where the rule is not applicable

51
Q

what has a child done when they use a word incorrectly and use a new rule for it

A

overregulated the rule

52
Q

example of overregulated

A

if a child says “i goes there”, “i does that”

53
Q

define egocentric speech

A

the tendency to not be able to take the perspective of others, and instead thinks everyone sees, thinks and feels as they do

54
Q

which theorist believed in egocentric speech

A

Piaget

55
Q

define private speech

A

seeking to solve problems or clarify thoughts

56
Q

which theorist believed in private speech?

A

vygotsky

57
Q

who hypothesized the zone of proximal development?

A

vygotsky

58
Q

define zone of proximal Development and who hypothesized this concept?

A

vygotsky; the range of material that a child is ready to learn if proper support & guidance from those who know the material

59
Q

define scaffolding

A

the guide provides needed assistance to the child as a new skill is learned

60
Q

what is the leading source of learning and what year? who suggested this?

A

play in preschool years, vygotsky suggested this

61
Q

what are the four styles of freeplay?

A

self directed/ self-chosen, motivated, structured & imaginative

62
Q

who emphasized free play

A

Dr. Peter Gray

63
Q

what were piagets four developmental stages of play?

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, & formal operation stage

64
Q

what is the sensorimotor age?

A

birth to 2 years of age

65
Q

what is the preoperational age?

A

2-7 years of age

66
Q

what is the concrete operational age?

A

7-11 years of age

67
Q

what is the formal operational age?

A

12+ of age

68
Q

define sensorimotor stage & what they do

A

babies using their senses to learn about the world
- repetitive motor movements

69
Q

define preoperational stage & what they do

A

learning to associate objects with words which have no real adult logic behind it
-use imaginative play through pretend play

70
Q

define concrete operational stage and what they do

A

logical thinking emerges
-use concrete objects to develop a systematic rules or ideas

71
Q

define formal operational stage

A

abstract thinking; ability to reason and think hypothetically
-competitive games with complex rules

72
Q

what are the six stages of social play?

A
  • unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, & cooperative play
73
Q

who categorized the six stages of play?

A

mildred parten

74
Q

define rough and tumble play

A

a form of social physical play that is playful, appears to function as compelling learning environment for social and emotional development

75
Q

what are the benefits of rough and tumble play?

A

teaches effort comes with rewards, learns to manage emotions

76
Q

what are the 6 factors of risky play

A

great heights, rapid speeds, dangerous tools, elements, rough and tumble, getting lost

77
Q

define self esteem

A

lack of social comparison & tend to focus on comparison between what one can do now versus the past
- an evaluative judgment of who we are

78
Q

T/F? self esteem is exempt from negative evaluations

A

False. self esteem is not exempt from negative evaluations

79
Q

T/F? those with insecure attachment are at higher risk of low self esteem

A

true

80
Q

define self concept and give an example

A

the idea of who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think & feel
-such as our external and internal qualities
Ex: how a child would define themselves compared to an adult

81
Q

what is the focus of ones external qualities

A

categorical self

82
Q

define looking-glass self

A

this involves looking at how others seem to view us and interpret this as we make judgements of ourselves

83
Q

define response inhibition

A

involves the ability to recognize a potential behavior before it occurs, and stop the initiation of behaviors that could result in undesired consequences

84
Q

define delayed gratification

A

the ability to hold out for a larger reward by forgoing a smaller immediate reward

85
Q

define self control

A

involves delayed gratification and response inhibition

86
Q

what is the cool/ hot system

A

cool system; our ability to control our delayed gratification depending on our ability to engage our rational cognitive system
- hot system; impulsive system, obsessing about the difficulty of resisting a temptation

87
Q

what experiment did the hot/ cool system conduct?

A

the stanford marshmallow experiment, where children where told to wait in a room w a marshmallow in front of them

88
Q

what can technology be use for?

A

a tool for learning, increase access for learning opportunities, strengthen relationships, effective learning

89
Q

define passive use

A

when children are consuming content without accompanying participation, reflection or imagination
- using tv, computer, device

90
Q

define active use

A

when children use technologies to engage in meaningful learning or storytelling experiences
- using computers, devices, apps

91
Q

at what age do families and educators need to take into account that technology can be used in different settings

A

ages 2-5

92
Q

stress in children can be what?

A

positive, tolerable, or toxic

93
Q

define positive stress and give an example on what it does to the child

A

promotes resilience and arises from beliefs
- high heart rate, change in hormone cortisol levels

94
Q

define tolerable stress and give an example

A

adverse experiences that are relatively intense in nature, but the child can overcome it
-Ex: death of a loved one, accidents

95
Q

define toxic stress and give an example

A

chronic, excessive stress that exceeds a childs ability to cope especially without support
- Ex: affects childs memory abilities

96
Q

define ACEs

A

adverse childhood experiences; experiencing abuse, neglect
- potentially traumatic events

97
Q

define exergaming

A

the combination of interactive exercise video game w game play

98
Q

what are the inductive reasonings for concrete operational stage?

A

classification, identity, reversibility, conservation

99
Q

T/F? concrete refers to things that can be seen, touched or experienced

A

True

100
Q

describe classification and give an example

A

build schemes and organize objects in many ways
- understanding classification hierarchies and arrange objects into classes/ subclasses

101
Q

describe identity and give an example

A

the understanding that objects have qualities that do not change if objects are altered
Ex: a chalk is still chalk if broken into two

102
Q

describe reversibility

A

child knows that some things have been changed but can be returned to its original state
-Ex: water can be frozen, then melted to water again

103
Q

define inductive reasonings

A

logical process in which multiple premises believed to be true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion

104
Q

what are the three levels of memory according to piaget?

A

sensory, working, long-term

105
Q

define sensory memory

A

where information first enters

106
Q

define working memory

A

when meaningful information consists of information we are aware of but has limited space

107
Q

define long term memory

A

unlimited capacity and consists of things we know and can remember

108
Q

T/F? children in middle childhood have build the ways they attend to and store information and have a better
understanding of how well they are performing a task and how difficult it is for them

A

True

109
Q

describe memory strategies

A

often lacking in younger children but increase in frequency as children progress through elementary school

110
Q

what are some examples of memory strategies?

A

recall information, visualizing and organizing information, creating rhymes, inventing acronyms

111
Q

by what age were children using two or more memory strategies to recall information

A

by age 10

112
Q

for brain development, what does the right hempishere do?

A

comprehend and appreciate humor

113
Q

for brain development, what does the left hemisphere do?

A

cognitively understand humor

114
Q

who has trouble understanding humor

A

autism and mental retardation

115
Q

what is effective classroom humor? and how does self-effacing contribute?

A

relevant humor to the course; illustrating to students that the teacher is comfortable with making mistakes

116
Q

define self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when the person tends to act in such a way as to make what you predict will happen and reinforce the power of labeling

117
Q

what is an example of self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

when a child is misdiagnosed as a learning disabled they will start to perform as such

118
Q

describe freuds latency stage and what age?

A

age 6-12, a focus on development and stimulations coming from secondary sources (relationships education, hobbies)

119
Q

describe eriksons fourth stage and what age

A

industry vs inferiority, age 6-12; learn to do things well according to standards set by others

120
Q

define social identity

A

a sense of who we are based on our group memberships

121
Q

which experiment correlated with social identity?

A

Robbers cave experiment

122
Q

define terror management theory

A

suggest that being reminded of death can influence a childs attitude towards in/out groups

123
Q

what do children in early childhood think about death?

A

think the individual is sleeping and can return

124
Q

what do children in middle childhood think about death?

A

begin to understand the concept of death; think they could have prevented it/ feel guilty

Psy 155 (4 decks)

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