exam 3: adolescence & early adulthood

Question 1

what are the risk factors for early development among girls?

Answer 1

unwanted attention, teasing
- increased risk for depression, eating disorders, early sexual activity, & substance abuse

Question 2

what are the risk factors for early development among boys?

Answer 2

more athletic, taller
- increased risk for substance abuse & sexual activity

Question 3

what are the risk factors for late development among girls?

Answer 3

teasing, bullying
- positive outcomes for them rather than early developers

Question 4

what are the risks factors for late development among boys?

Answer 4

bullying, depression

Question 5

did the percentage of sexual intercourse decrease or increase? if so, what were the percentages?

Answer 5

yes from 54% to 38%

Question 6

before age 13, what was the percentage of sexual intercourse?

Answer 6

decreased from 10.2% to 3%

Question 7

if they had four or more partners, what was the percentage of sexual intercourse?

Answer 7

decreased from 18% to 8%

Question 8

those who are currently active, what was the percentage of those in sexual intercourse?

Answer 8

decreased from 37% to 27%

Question 9

those who used condoms, what was the percentage?

Answer 9

increased from 46% to 54%

Question 10

what was the percentage to those who did not use a method to prevent pregnancy

Answer 10

decreased from 16% to 11%

Question 11

T/F? early-maturing boys initially had lower levels of depression than later-maturing boys

Answer 11

true
-they also show signs of increased anxiety, negative self-image and interpersonal stress

Question 12

T/F? Gender differences increasing over the course of early adulthood

Answer 12

False. gender differences increase over the course of adolescence

Question 13

T/F? are there higher rates of porn use among males

Answer 13

True

Question 14

T/F? are there high levels of sexual behaviors and sexual intercourse with a friend among males

Answer 14

True

Question 15

who reports higher and intentional pornography consumption?

Answer 15

more males than females

Question 16

are early maturation and older age associated with higher pornography usage?

Answer 16

yes
- has been shown to have a secularizing effect

Question 17

what related individual factor is affected during pornography use?

Answer 17

development in religiosity

Question 18

T/F? vast majority of finds have higher pornography use during adolescence tend to relate to higher emotional and behavioral problems

Answer 18

True.
- mental health aspect

Question 19

in religiosity, there are high levels of religiosity associated with lower levels of pornography use in adolescence

Answer 19

yes.

Question 20

what are some myths about the hymen?

Answer 20

proof of virginity, breaks and bleeds during intercourse, & hymens are lost forever

Question 21

about the hymen, what are some influences that can occur during a girls development?

Answer 21

limit of physical activities to not break hymen such as riding a bike
- “virginity checks” influencing their emotional development

Question 22

define sexting

Answer 22

sexting is sending or receiving sexually explicit videos, photographs, or messages via mobile phone or digital device

Question 23

define passive sexting

Answer 23

when asked, asking, or receiving sexually explicit videos/photos

Question 24

define active sexting

Answer 24

creating, showing, posting, sending, or forwarding sexually explicit videos/ photos to a third party

Question 25

who is more likely to report sexual activity?

Answer 25

adolescents who send texts have a higher likelihood rather than those who do not

Question 26

T/F? adolescents may overestimate how often their popular peers engage in sexting, which in turn increases their chance of engaging in sexting due to this misperception

Answer 26

true they are heavily influenced by the behavior of their popular peers

Question 27

define personal fable

Answer 27

their experiences are unique, bad things won't happen to them

Question 28

does the limbic system develop after the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 28

no the limbic system develops years ahead of the prefrontal cortex

Question 29

what is the limbic system responsible for?

Answer 29

responsible for emotional processing - rewards/ punishments

Question 30

what does the pubertal hormones target?

Answer 30

amygdala

Question 31

what is dopamine known for?

Answer 31

feel good chemical, involved in pleasure seeking & risk taking

Question 32

what is serotonin known for?

Answer 32

calming chemical, balances dopamine

Question 33

what does the prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 33

decision making, higher level cognition

Question 34

define myelination

Answer 34

increases information processing speed

Question 35

define synaptic pruning

Answer 35

strengthens strongest neural connections

Question 36

what are the risk factors for lack of sleep?

Answer 36

substance abuse, car accidents, weakened immune system, obesity, poor academic performances

Question 37

factors that may contribute to sleep deprivation

Answer 37

environmental and social factors such as work, hw, social media, & socializing

Question 38

T/F? their circadian rhythms change and push back their sleep time until later in the evening

Answer 38

true as adolescents go through puberty

Question 39

T/F? does melatonin decrease later in the night during adolescence

Answer 39

False. it increases

Question 40

what are the risk factors associated for underage drinking?

Answer 40

no single casual explanation for alcohol or misuse, genes & family history, contextual factors (neighborhood, peers, media), social exclusion

Question 41

what are the gender differences in alcohol use?

Answer 41

the different motives for drinking of adolescent males and females -Males may be more likely to drink as a response to social and enhancement motives than girls. -Females may be more likely to drink as a form of coping

Question 42

what are you most likely to experience if you underage drink?

Answer 42

school, social, legal, physical problems as well as disruption of normal growth or sexual development

Question 43

high present exploration with high present commitment?

Answer 43

identity achievement

Question 44

low exploration with high present commitment?

Answer 44

identity foreclosure

Question 45

high present exploration with low absent commitment?

Answer 45

identity moratorium

Question 46

low absent exploration with low absent commitment?

Answer 46

identity diffusion

Question 47

define mere exposure effect

Answer 47

the more often we are exposed to a stimulus, more likely we are to find them attractive

Question 48

define propinquity

Answer 48

closeness in time & space

Question 49

define exchange & equity theory

Answer 49

suggests that relationships are maintained through rewards

Question 50

what are some factors that contributes to attractions?

Answer 50

proximity, familiarity, similarity, and reciprocity

Question 51

define proximity

Answer 51

closeness in time & space

Question 52

define familiarity

Answer 52

increase in attractiveness to those we are most familiar with since we tend to feel safe around them

Question 53

define similarity

Answer 53

individuals who share the same belief and values, tend to find those more attractive

Question 54

reciprocity (self disclosure)

Answer 54

communication process that involves the act of revealing personal information about oneself to others

Question 55

T/F? turn taking self disclosure is linked with higher attraction on a date compared to sequential self disclosure `

Answer 55

True

Question 56

define misattribution of arousal

Answer 56

confuse emotions with arousal such as exercise, caffeine, alcohol consumption

Question 57

what are the four adult attachments?

Answer 57

secure, preoccupied, dismissive, & fearful

Question 58

define voluntary singles

Answer 58

those who are not currently not looking, no intention of getting married

Question 59

define involuntary singles

Answer 59

those who want to marry/remarry but have not found anyone - incels: subgroup of involuntary singles

Question 60

define intimacy vs isolation

Answer 60

Intimacy involves caring about another and sharing one’s self without losing one’s self

Question 61

T/F? intimacy is highly suggested before identity

Answer 61

false. - According to Erikson, having some sense of identity is essential for intimate relationships

Question 62

what did the medical marijuana card study find?

Answer 62

- increased the incidence and severity of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and resulted in no significant improvement in pain, anxiety, or depressive symptoms, but improved self-reported sleep quality.

Question 63

what are the three factors contributed to anxiety among teens?

Answer 63

social media use, academic stress, & economic stress