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Psy 155 > Exam 1 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

One course

A

Stage theories

Development is same for all

Universal

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2
Q

Many courses

A
  • Development follows different course for each child

Depends on Childs genetics, environment, and culture

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3
Q

Continuous

A

Cumulative process

Improvement on existing skills

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4
Q

in a childs development, what could be considered a continuous example?

A

physical growth; adding inches to their height

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5
Q

in a childs development, what could be considered a discontinuous example?

A

an infants ability to demonstrate awareness of object permanence

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6
Q

Discontinuous

A

Development occurs at unique stages

Specific times or ages

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7
Q

are epigenetic changes always permanent?

A

depends, changes related to smoking can be reversible for some

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8
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of how behavior and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

Interaction between genes and environment

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9
Q

Who created the lifespan approach /perspective?

A

Paul Bates

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10
Q

What were the 6 lifespan perspectives?

A

MMMLPC

Multidimensional
Multidirectional
Multidisciplinary
Lifelong
Plastic
Contextual

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11
Q

in the multidimensional adolescence stage, what example encompasses the physiological and physical changes?

A

puberty
- changes within the hormone levels ( height/ weight) and cognitive changes (ability to think abstractly)

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12
Q

Define multidimensional

A

Complex interaction between biological, cognitive, socioemotional changes influence development across the lifespan

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13
Q

define multidirectional

A

Capacity for both an increase and decrease in the efficacy of certain traits over the lifespan

Gains/ losses

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14
Q

Define multidisciplinary

A

All phases of lifetime development would not be accounted for in any particular field

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15
Q

Examples of disciplines that understand development

A

Anthropologist, sociologist, psychologists, educators

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16
Q

Define lifelong

A

Encompasses from conception to death

Occurs through one’s life

The control of the nature of human development involves all life phases

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17
Q

Define plastic and give an example

A

Malleable, changeable

No single pathway, has its limits

Ex: blind people

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18
Q

Define contextual

A

Three systems of biological and environment influences work together to influence development

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19
Q

’ What are the 3 contextual influences?

A

Normative age-graded influences
Normative history-graded influences
Nonnormative influences

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20
Q

Define age-graded influences and give an example

A

Biological or environemntal factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age

Ex: puberty, starting school

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21
Q

Define history-graded influences,

example?

A

Belonging to a certain historical period that defines the larger environmental and cultural framework in which person grows
Example: Great Depression, 9/11

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22
Q

which system is parallel to bronfenbenners model?

A

bronfenbrenners ecological model
- microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem..

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23
Q

Define nonnormative influences and give an example

A

Unpredictable and and unrelated to a certain point in ones development or history

Individuals particular experience

Eli job offer, divorce

24
Q

Define confirmation bias, example?

A

Tendency to look for evidence but ignoring contradictory evidence

Example: left hand people are more creative.. So every lefthander they meet they will place evidence to support their belief

25
Q

Define descriptive studies

A

Objective to describe phenomena -

Research focused on describing an occurrence

26
Q

Define correlational research and give an example

A

Describing the process of establishing a link between two or more variables

Example: the relationship between hours of sleep and creativity

27
Q

Define experimental research, example?

A

‘randomly assigns people to different conditions
Uses hypothesis testing to make inferences about how conditions affect behavior
Example: giving rats medicine, see how they react to learn about the medicine

28
Q

What are the Research designs?

A

Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
sequential

29
Q

Define cross sectional and give an example

A

Examines changes between participants of different ages at the same point in time

Example: examine the intelligence scores of individuals of different ages within the same study at the same time;

30
Q

Define longitudinal and give an example

A

Examines changes within individuals overtime

Example: whether 20 year olds become less intelligent with age overtime

study the same individual as they age

31
Q

Define sequential and give an example

A

’ Examines changes within individuals overtime

Examines changes between individuals of different ages at the same point in time

Example: examine the intelligence scores of 20 year olds in different times in history and different cohorts

32
Q

define mediation and give an example

A

explains the relationship between DV and IV
- explains why
Ex: IV –> Mediation –> DV

33
Q

define moderation and give an example

A

a variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relationship between IV and DV
- modifies; changes
- IV —> DV
^ (moderator)

34
Q

what are freuds stages and their fixations?

A

oral (smoking, overeating),
anal (neatness, messiness)
phallic (vanity, overambition)
latency (none)
genital (none)

35
Q

define reinforcer

A

Events that increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future

36
Q

define punishment

A

consequence that follows an operant response that decreases (or attempts to decrease) the likelihood of that response occurring

37
Q

define schema

A

fitting into an existing framework

38
Q

define assimilation

A

matching with something known

39
Q

define accommodation

A

expanding the framework of knowledge to accommodate the situation

40
Q

what’s another term for theory of cognitive development?

A

development stage theory

41
Q

define theory of cognitive development & who theorized it?

A

the process that allows humans to know, understand, and think about the world
- theory about nature and development of human intelligence
- jean piaget

42
Q

according to piaget, what are the two basic principles of growth in children?

A

accommodation and assimilation

43
Q

what are the four stages in piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor, preparational , concrete operational, and formal operational

44
Q

what are the age groups for each stage of theory of cognitive development?

A

sensor: 0-2
preoperational: 3-6
concrete: 7-11
formal: 12+

45
Q

what do children do in the sensorimotor stage?

A

learn about the world through senses and motor behavior

46
Q

what do children do in the preoperational stage?

A

use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas
-pretend play

47
Q

what do children do in the concrete operational stage?

A

think logically about real life events

48
Q

what do children do in the formal operational stage?

A

can solve and deal with abstract ideas, and hypothetical situations

49
Q

what do we expect children to display in the preoperational stage?

A

egocentrism

50
Q

define egocentrism

A

the inability to take the perspective of others

51
Q

define information process theory

A

the idea that humans process the information they receive

52
Q

define social cognitive theory

A

learning occurs in a social context
learning by observing the behavior of another person

53
Q

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

where the individual feels the most comfort with no help

54
Q

define scaffolding

A

where a mentor or someone guides one to solve the problem, offering support when needed

55
Q

what perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality and social worlds.

A

contextual

Psy 155 (4 decks)

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