Exam 1 study guide Flashcards
One course
Stage theories
Development is same for all
Universal
Many courses
- Development follows different course for each child
Depends on Childs genetics, environment, and culture
Continuous
Cumulative process
Improvement on existing skills
in a childs development, what could be considered a continuous example?
physical growth; adding inches to their height
in a childs development, what could be considered a discontinuous example?
an infants ability to demonstrate awareness of object permanence
Discontinuous
Development occurs at unique stages
Specific times or ages
are epigenetic changes always permanent?
depends, changes related to smoking can be reversible for some
Epigenetics
Study of how behavior and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
Interaction between genes and environment
Who created the lifespan approach /perspective?
Paul Bates
What were the 6 lifespan perspectives?
MMMLPC
Multidimensional
Multidirectional
Multidisciplinary
Lifelong
Plastic
Contextual
in the multidimensional adolescence stage, what example encompasses the physiological and physical changes?
puberty
- changes within the hormone levels ( height/ weight) and cognitive changes (ability to think abstractly)
Define multidimensional
Complex interaction between biological, cognitive, socioemotional changes influence development across the lifespan
define multidirectional
Capacity for both an increase and decrease in the efficacy of certain traits over the lifespan
Gains/ losses
Define multidisciplinary
All phases of lifetime development would not be accounted for in any particular field
Examples of disciplines that understand development
Anthropologist, sociologist, psychologists, educators
Define lifelong
Encompasses from conception to death
Occurs through one’s life
The control of the nature of human development involves all life phases
Define plastic and give an example
Malleable, changeable
No single pathway, has its limits
Ex: blind people
Define contextual
Three systems of biological and environment influences work together to influence development
’ What are the 3 contextual influences?
Normative age-graded influences
Normative history-graded influences
Nonnormative influences
Define age-graded influences and give an example
Biological or environemntal factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age
Ex: puberty, starting school
Define history-graded influences,
example?
Belonging to a certain historical period that defines the larger environmental and cultural framework in which person grows
Example: Great Depression, 9/11
which system is parallel to bronfenbenners model?
bronfenbrenners ecological model
- microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem..
Define nonnormative influences and give an example
Unpredictable and and unrelated to a certain point in ones development or history
Individuals particular experience
Eli job offer, divorce
Define confirmation bias, example?
Tendency to look for evidence but ignoring contradictory evidence
Example: left hand people are more creative.. So every lefthander they meet they will place evidence to support their belief
Define descriptive studies
Objective to describe phenomena -
Research focused on describing an occurrence
Define correlational research and give an example
Describing the process of establishing a link between two or more variables
Example: the relationship between hours of sleep and creativity
Define experimental research, example?
‘randomly assigns people to different conditions
Uses hypothesis testing to make inferences about how conditions affect behavior
Example: giving rats medicine, see how they react to learn about the medicine
What are the Research designs?
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
sequential
Define cross sectional and give an example
Examines changes between participants of different ages at the same point in time
Example: examine the intelligence scores of individuals of different ages within the same study at the same time;
Define longitudinal and give an example
Examines changes within individuals overtime
Example: whether 20 year olds become less intelligent with age overtime
study the same individual as they age
Define sequential and give an example
’ Examines changes within individuals overtime
Examines changes between individuals of different ages at the same point in time
Example: examine the intelligence scores of 20 year olds in different times in history and different cohorts
define mediation and give an example
explains the relationship between DV and IV
- explains why
Ex: IV –> Mediation –> DV
define moderation and give an example
a variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relationship between IV and DV
- modifies; changes
- IV —> DV
^ (moderator)
what are freuds stages and their fixations?
oral (smoking, overeating),
anal (neatness, messiness)
phallic (vanity, overambition)
latency (none)
genital (none)
define reinforcer
Events that increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future
define punishment
consequence that follows an operant response that decreases (or attempts to decrease) the likelihood of that response occurring
define schema
fitting into an existing framework
define assimilation
matching with something known
define accommodation
expanding the framework of knowledge to accommodate the situation
what’s another term for theory of cognitive development?
development stage theory
define theory of cognitive development & who theorized it?
the process that allows humans to know, understand, and think about the world
- theory about nature and development of human intelligence
- jean piaget
according to piaget, what are the two basic principles of growth in children?
accommodation and assimilation
what are the four stages in piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preparational , concrete operational, and formal operational
what are the age groups for each stage of theory of cognitive development?
sensor: 0-2
preoperational: 3-6
concrete: 7-11
formal: 12+
what do children do in the sensorimotor stage?
learn about the world through senses and motor behavior
what do children do in the preoperational stage?
use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas
-pretend play
what do children do in the concrete operational stage?
think logically about real life events
what do children do in the formal operational stage?
can solve and deal with abstract ideas, and hypothetical situations
what do we expect children to display in the preoperational stage?
egocentrism
define egocentrism
the inability to take the perspective of others
define information process theory
the idea that humans process the information they receive
define social cognitive theory
learning occurs in a social context
learning by observing the behavior of another person
what is the zone of proximal development?
where the individual feels the most comfort with no help
define scaffolding
where a mentor or someone guides one to solve the problem, offering support when needed
what perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality and social worlds.
contextual
