- Development follows different course for each child Depends on Childs genetics, environment, and culture

Exam 1 study guide Flashcards by Lissette Calderon

One course

Stage theories

Development is same for all

Universal

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Many courses

Development follows different course for each child

Depends on Childs genetics, environment, and culture

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Continuous

Cumulative process

Improvement on existing skills

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in a childs development, what could be considered a continuous example?

physical growth; adding inches to their height

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in a childs development, what could be considered a discontinuous example?

an infants ability to demonstrate awareness of object permanence

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Discontinuous

Development occurs at unique stages

Specific times or ages

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are epigenetic changes always permanent?

depends, changes related to smoking can be reversible for some

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Epigenetics

Study of how behavior and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

Interaction between genes and environment

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Who created the lifespan approach /perspective?

Paul Bates

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What were the 6 lifespan perspectives?

MMMLPC

Multidimensional
Multidirectional
Multidisciplinary
Lifelong
Plastic
Contextual

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in the multidimensional adolescence stage, what example encompasses the physiological and physical changes?

puberty
- changes within the hormone levels ( height/ weight) and cognitive changes (ability to think abstractly)

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Define multidimensional

Complex interaction between biological, cognitive, socioemotional changes influence development across the lifespan

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define multidirectional

Capacity for both an increase and decrease in the efficacy of certain traits over the lifespan

Gains/ losses

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Define multidisciplinary

All phases of lifetime development would not be accounted for in any particular field

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Examples of disciplines that understand development

Anthropologist, sociologist, psychologists, educators

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Define lifelong

Encompasses from conception to death

Occurs through one’s life

The control of the nature of human development involves all life phases

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Define plastic and give an example

Malleable, changeable

No single pathway, has its limits

Ex: blind people

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Define contextual

Three systems of biological and environment influences work together to influence development

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’ What are the 3 contextual influences?

Normative age-graded influences
Normative history-graded influences
Nonnormative influences

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Define age-graded influences and give an example

Biological or environemntal factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age

Ex: puberty, starting school

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Define history-graded influences,

example?

Belonging to a certain historical period that defines the larger environmental and cultural framework in which person grows
Example: Great Depression, 9/11

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which system is parallel to bronfenbenners model?

bronfenbrenners ecological model
- microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem..

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Define nonnormative influences and give an example

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Unpredictable and and unrelated to a certain point in ones development or history

Individuals particular experience

Eli job offer, divorce

Define confirmation bias, example?

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Tendency to look for evidence but ignoring contradictory evidence

Example: left hand people are more creative.. So every lefthander they meet they will place evidence to support their belief

Define descriptive studies

Objective to describe phenomena - Research focused on describing an occurrence

Define correlational research and give an example

Describing the process of establishing a link between two or more variables Example: the relationship between hours of sleep and creativity

Define experimental research, example?

'randomly assigns people to different conditions Uses hypothesis testing to make inferences about how conditions affect behavior Example: giving rats medicine, see how they react to learn about the medicine

What are the Research designs?

Cross-sectional Longitudinal sequential

Define cross sectional and give an example

Examines changes between participants of different ages at the same point in time Example: examine the intelligence scores of individuals of different ages within the same study at the same time;

Define longitudinal and give an example

Examines changes within individuals overtime Example: whether 20 year olds become less intelligent with age overtime study the same individual as they age

Define sequential and give an example

' Examines changes within individuals overtime Examines changes between individuals of different ages at the same point in time Example: examine the intelligence scores of 20 year olds in different times in history and different cohorts

define mediation and give an example

explains the relationship between DV and IV - explains why Ex: IV --> Mediation --> DV

define moderation and give an example

a variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relationship between IV and DV - modifies; changes - IV ---> DV ^ (moderator)

what are freuds stages and their fixations?

oral (smoking, overeating), anal (neatness, messiness) phallic (vanity, overambition) latency (none) genital (none)

define reinforcer

Events that increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future

define punishment

consequence that follows an operant response that decreases (or attempts to decrease) the likelihood of that response occurring

define schema

fitting into an existing framework

define assimilation

matching with something known

define accommodation

expanding the framework of knowledge to accommodate the situation

what's another term for theory of cognitive development?

development stage theory

define theory of cognitive development & who theorized it?

the process that allows humans to know, understand, and think about the world - theory about nature and development of human intelligence - jean piaget

according to piaget, what are the two basic principles of growth in children?

accommodation and assimilation

what are the four stages in piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preparational , concrete operational, and formal operational

what are the age groups for each stage of theory of cognitive development?

sensor: 0-2 preoperational: 3-6 concrete: 7-11 formal: 12+

what do children do in the sensorimotor stage?

learn about the world through senses and motor behavior

what do children do in the preoperational stage?

use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas -pretend play

what do children do in the concrete operational stage?

think logically about real life events

what do children do in the formal operational stage?

can solve and deal with abstract ideas, and hypothetical situations

what do we expect children to display in the preoperational stage?

egocentrism

define egocentrism

the inability to take the perspective of others

define information process theory

the idea that humans process the information they receive

define social cognitive theory

learning occurs in a social context learning by observing the behavior of another person

what is the zone of proximal development?

where the individual feels the most comfort with no help

define scaffolding

where a mentor or someone guides one to solve the problem, offering support when needed

what perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality and social worlds.

contextual

Exam 1 study guide Flashcards

(55 cards)