Final Exam Review Flashcards
define cohabiation
an arrangement where two people who are not married live together and often involve a romantic or sexually intimate relationship on a long term or permanent basis
T/F choosing to cohabitate before marriage decreases the chance of divorce from that person
False.
it would actually increase the chances
T/F cohabitation has been increasing, while marriage has been decreasing in young adulthood
True
what’s an example for sliding?
unintentionally letting things happen, lack of attention towards ones situation
what’s an example for deciding?
wise choices, making decisions intentionally
how is selection effect related to cohabitation?
those who choose to cohabitate may already be at a higher risk for divorce due to other reasons such as poverty and past divorces
how is selection effect related to cohabitation?
those who choose to cohabitate may already be at a higher risk for divorce due to other reasons such as poverty and past divorces
define suffocation of marriage
our expectations that more of our needs and needs that are of higher level need to be met by our partner, which can be a lot of pressure on the marriage
what are the five category of needs in Maslows Hierarchy?
self-actualization (personal growth, autonomy)
esteem (self respect)
belonging and love (trust, sexual intimacy)
safety (control, economic safety)
Physiological (hunger, sleep)
T/F traditional IRA is the best option for young adults with limited income who want to save for their retirement
False.
Roth IRA is the best option for that
which retirement plan is tax free?
Roth IRA
T/F there is a maximum amount that each person can contribute to their account each year
True. it needs to come from their earned wages
what is the most common age definition in middle adulthood?
40-45 to 60-65
-but can range up to 10 years (30-75)
T/F Midlife is not an important stage of individual development, and not crucial towards society or its development
False.
Midlife is just as important and crucial towards society and development just as much as the other stages
how do middle aged adults play a crucial role in society?
they bring together and nurture family members and mentor coworkers.
what are some examples of development tasks during midlife?
acting as a caregiver, loosing parents & experiencing grief, launching children into their own lives, dealing w children moving back home, becoming grandparents
what changes start occurring as we move into midlife?
changes in vision, hearing, and more joint pain
as well as weight gain due to slow metabolism
how many hours of weekly exercise is most protected against premature death?
7 hours compared to fewer hours of weekly exercises
T/F The best exercise programs for middle-aged adults are those that are engaged in regularly, and they are easy to follow.
True
T/F About half of Americans meet the recommendations for aerobic physical activity, but less than 50% meet the physical activity guidelines for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity
False. less than 25% meet the physical activity guidelines for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity
how many minutes of aerobic does one need to do in order to gain substantial benefits such as lower risk of premature death?
150 minutes is the least amount of aerobic weekly
define sarcopenia
loss of muscle tissue and function as we age
T/F leg muscles become detached from the nervous system, and exercise encourages the slow progression of sarcopenia
True.
exercise encourages new nerve growth slowing the sarcopenia to progress
define osteoporosis
a disease that weakens bones to the point where they break easily
at what age do humans reach peak bone mass?
human beings reach peak bone mass around age 35-40
who is most often associated with osteoporosis?
women because bone mass deteriorates quicker due to menopause
how much bone mass can women lose per year? what does it render?
5-10%, calcium and vitamin D and evaluate individual risk factors
over the age of 50, what is the age percentage of men and women who will most likely suffer a bone fracture due to osteoporosis?
50% women, 25% men
define climacteric
one biologically based change that occurs during midlife
T/F many men experience an increase in their ability to reproduce
False.
they actually experience a reduction in their ability to reproduce
when do women lose their ability to reproduce?
once they reach menopause
T/F advanced paternal age has been
linked with higher rates of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children
True
define menopause
a period of transition in which a women’s ovaries stop releasing eggs and level of estrogen and progesterone production decreases
when is a women considered to be menopausal?
a year without menstruation
define menopausal transition & what could it also be referred as?
perimenopause
- when women have changes in their monthly cycle, hot flashes, or other symptoms
at what age does menopause begin? how long does it last?
45 to 55 years of age, usually last about 7 to 14 years
what are postmenopausal women vulnerable to?
heart disease and osteoporosis
who is most likely to suffer more from hot flashes?
african american and hispanics are most likely to have hot flashes for more years than white and asian women
what are some ways to address hot flashes?
avoid alcohol, caffeine, and spicy foods, eat a healthy diet, non hormonal medications hormonal medications
define andropause
a syndrome associated with a decrease in sexual satisfaction or a decline in a feeling of general well-being w low levels of testosterone in older men
why do some doctors deny the reality of andropause?
it lacks a well-defined period as observed in female menopause
what are some potential risk examples for testosterone replacement therapy?
acne, disturbed breathing, breast swelling or tenderness, swollen ankles, higher risk of cardiovascular problems, and prostate cancer
T/F Vitamin deficiency may occur if the right foods are consumed?
False.
- may occur if the right foods are NOT consumed
define “the Mediterranean Diet” and what is it linked to?
a diet rich in plant-based foods, healthy fats, nuts, fish in moderation, and sparing use of red meats
often linked between diet and inflammation
describe the ideal diet and its measurements
low in sugar, fat, sodium, cholesterol
high in fiber
(sodium less than 2300 mg/day, cholesterol less than 300 mg/day)
what does fiber reduce the risk of?
certain cancers and heart disease
T/F starch converts to fat in the body
converts to sugar in the body
what could consecutive sleep loss do to ones health and well-being?
after 3 days, both negative emotions and severity of physical symptoms tended to be higher
what was the main study in the Seattle Longitudinal Study?
at what age is there a reliably detectable decrement in ability, and what is its magnitude?
at what age is there a reliably detectable decrement in ability, and what is its magnitude?
no prior to age 60, but there is a earlier slowing in response speed and/or earlier age of decile due to other reasons (genetic factors, pathology, poverty)
what is the average age for cognitive decline? reliable decrement change?
age 74, age 81 fewer than half showed reliable decrement change
can intellectual decline w increasing age be reversed by educational intervention?
cognitive training resulted in significant improvement in approx. 60% of experimental subjects, and 40% had declined significantly over 14 years; returned to their cognition level
what declines in memory overtime?
recall, episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention, and fluid IQ
what is stable in memory overtime?
implicit memory and recognition
what is improving in memory overtime?
semantic memory, crystalized IQ, and emotional reasoning
what are the two fundamental conflicts of adulthood?
generativity and stagnation
define generativity
establishing ways to guide the next generation (parenting), also be outliving the self through contributions to the collective and giving back
define stagnation
feeling of lethargy and lack of enthusiasm and involvement in both individual and communal affairs
how is stagnation possible?
when the demands of family, work, and relationship diminish resulting in lack of enthusiasm and involvement
according to Jung, describe the first half of life
involved a lot of social striving, professional goals and focus on self-aggrandizement
according to jung, describe the second half of life. and what is another term for the afternoon of life
midlife, high noon
- involves familial relations, spiritual aspirations, and other humanistic values
T/F? the first half of life calls to the fore a different and often compensatory set of values, goals, needs, and priorities from the second half
False.
The second half of life calls to the fore… and priorities from the first half of life
what is levinsons theory also known as? and what did he argue about it?
stage-crisis view
- that each stage overlaps, consisting of two distinct phases
what are the two distinct phases in the stage-crisis view?
stable and transitional phase
at what age did levinson believe to be profound change and what did it culminate to?
40-45
he believed it to be a profound change in culminating in a reappraisal, or reaffirmation of goals, commitments and previous choices- recalibrating what was important in life
what did levinson say the mens dream was about? when does it form?
ages 22-28
- centered on the occupational role and professional ambitions
what did levinson say the women dream was about?
split between career and marriage/family
what were the tasks of the midlife transition?
endings early adulthood, reassessing life in the present and making modifications if needed, and reconciling polarities or contradictions in ones self
T/F During midlife, some may struggle to reconcile the discrepancy between the “dream” they had for the future and the reality of today.
True
what is the happiness U-bend mostly based on?
cross-sectional data
what has most studies documented about happiness and satisfaction?
that its at its lowest level at midlife
what did the 2013 literature review find about U-bend?
that there were mixed findings showing that some studies had found a U-bend, some inverted U-bend and linear relationship
at what age is the U-shape of curve forcefully confirmed in? why?
midlife for developing and advanced countries as well as in Africa
what are the age differences in happiness?
very small, .2 to .7 on a 10 point scale
who is at most risk by suicide?
middle aged adults, specifically men
what do most middle-aged adults deal with?
dealing with some of the same social and economic challenge as young people
T/F middle-age women are at risk of experiencing depression and anxiety
True
what is most pronounced for women and individuals with fewer years of education?
antidepressant use and seeing a mental health professional is highest in midlife compared to earlier or later in adulthood
what percent of middle-age adults have multiple chronic conditions and/or psychological distress? and what are the disadvantages?
40%, social disadvantages, poor health, activity limitations, and delayed healthcare
define socioemotional selectivity theory
the theory maintains that as time horizon shrinks, as they typically do with age, people become increasingly selective, investing in greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities
what can SST be applied to?
terminally ill patients, to both people and activities that we choose to include in our life
define mortality salience
time is a valuable commodity requiring careful consideration and investment
T/F did Baltes believe that becoming better at selection, optimization and compensation can be the path to successful aging
True
describe the selection process
selection includes shifting or modifying goals based on choice or circumstances
describe optimization process
optimization is about making the best use of the resources we have on pursuing goals
describe the compensation process
compensation is about using alternative strategies in attaining those goals
what did baltes argue that successful aging was a matter of?
was a matter of sustained individual engagement, accompanied by a belief in individual self-efficacy and mastery
define plaster hypothesis
by age 30, the belief that personality is set like plaster
narcissism is defined as?
having a highly positive or inflated self-concept, strong need to be admired by others
define willfulness narcissism
an open expression of grandiosity, self-confidence, dominance, in which there is a willful exploration of others
define hypersensitive narcissism
also known as close narcissist
- oversensitivity to perceived slight or failed appreciation from others, accompanied by chronic feelings of humiliation and rejection
define autonomous narcissism
healthy ambitions, feelings of vitality, creativity and empathy in adulthood
what is the big five acronym ?
OCEAN
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and narcissism
- enhance by age 32
T/F Sandwiched adults are somewhat MORE likely than other adults to say that they are satisfied with
life
True
T/F parents tend to be as happy as their LEAST happy child
True
what is related to the happiness of middle-aged parents?
their adult children success and problems
T/F some adult children were least likely than their siblings to receive support
from their middle-aged parents
False.
they were more likely ..
what is favoritism linked with?
depression, negative sliding relationship
what does the parents happiness correlate to?
whoever is the least happiest
what are some family consequences of an aging population?
support or conflict among more generations, might contribute to higher likelihood of transition of culture or language among immigrants
what are the qualities for young old? & age?
65-74
- may still work full time
- relative health
what are the qualities of old old? age?
75-84
- live independently, higher chance of dealing w disease
what are the qualities of oldest old? age?
85+
- might need full time care, nursing homes
describe centenarians
100+, rare and distinct, usually live in japan
define ageism
prejudice and discrimination that is directed at older people and may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
define primary aging
process by which cells stop dividing and enter a state of permanent growth arrest without undergoing cell death
-inevitable changes such as hair, skin, weight, height
define secondary aging
changes that are caused by illness or disease and impact independence, quality of life, family members, and bring financial burden
describe the hayflick limit
the limited number of times cells divide and then stop (humans cells can divide up to 50x before stopping)
describe integrity
the ability to look back over life with a feeling of satisfaction, peace, and gratitude
describe despair
when a person looks back at ones life as unproductive and is dissatisfied
describe emotional stability
when older adults are more likely to focus on positive things in life and be grateful
T/F? low affect variability and low affective reactivity to daily events tend to increase across the adult lifespan
True
describe social input model
suggest that social partners may treat older adults in ways that contribute to positive social experiences, beyond older adults’ individual motivations
define physiological death
when vital organs no longer function
define psychological death
when the dying person begins to accept their death and withdraw from others and regress into self
define social death
when others begin to withdraw from the terminally ill person or has been diagnosed with a terminal illness
define grief
psychological, physical, and emotional experience and reaction to loss
define bereavement
outward expressions of grief, the period of mourning following the death of someone; external
what are the fives stages of Kubler Ross’s stages of life?
denial, anger, bargaining depression and acceptance
describe each stage in Kubler Ross’s stages of life
denial: refusal to accept
anger: recognition, body goes into motivated state
bargaining: thinking what one could’ve done
depression: why should i continue
acceptance: accepting life will continue
describe palliative care and where do they stay?
medical care for people living w serious illness, focuses on the quality of life
-home, palliative care clinic
describe hospice care and where do they stay?
anyone with a serious illness who has less than six months to live, focuses on care, comfort and quality of life
- home, hospice facility, hospital
define euthanasia
helping a person fulfill their wish to die, can happen in two ways: voluntary and physician assisted suicide
what are the two voluntary ways of euthanasia
passive and active
describe passive euthanasia
when they are no longer feeding someone or giving them food
describe active euthanasia
administering lethal dose of medication to someone who wishes to die
describe physician assisted suicide
when a physician prescribes the means by which a person can end their own life
