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Fall Quarter 23-24 > PSC 165 - Clinical Psych > Flashcards

PSC 165 - Clinical Psych Flashcards

1
Q

two tools of wilhelm wundt

A

observation and experimentatin

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2
Q

how did clinical psych get started and why was it unpopular

A

lightner witmer; reputation of psych, lab scientists, unqualified/untrained

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3
Q

what parts of franz gall’s theory was correct and wrong?

A

different parts of the brain tend to be responsible for different things; no phrenology

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4
Q

mental testing movement

A

movement where intelligence, personality, etc. tests were being developed and popularized

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5
Q

what contributions did cattell make

A

one of first to use tests to determine diagnosis, weight and temp sensitivity

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6
Q

what did the binet-simon scale become

A

stanford-binet scale

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7
Q

why did the view that psychopathy stems from biology get so popular in the 19th century

A

finding syphilis’s role in brain deterioration

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8
Q

syndromes vs signs vs symptoms

A

signs are visible, symptoms are personal, and syndromes are the patterns of both

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9
Q

emil kraepelin’s contributions to psych

A

proposed first formal classification of mental disorders -> DSM

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10
Q

how did war shape clinical psychology

A

trauma from WWII caused more to seek clinical psych help

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11
Q

what was effective therapy in freud’s pov?

A

increasing awareness of unconscious conflicts

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12
Q

according to the humanistic approach, what are humanity’s main obstacles and ultimate goal

A

self actualization is ultimate goal; we seek approval from others against natural tendencies to self actualize

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13
Q

what do behaviorists believe

A

psych should focus on observable behaviors

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14
Q

what did critics of behavioral theory say

A

rigid and doesn’t allow for personal agency

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15
Q

kelly’s theory of personal constructs

A

our personal beliefs/biases organizes our interpretation of the world, sometimes negatively

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16
Q

ellis’s rational-emotive therapy

A

use strong and direct communication to show clients where they are being irrational

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17
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

we are genetically predisposed to something, and get it when environment exposes us to stress

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18
Q

science-practice gap def

A

we have treatments that are effective empirically, but not being utilized in practice

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19
Q

influencing factors on deinstitutionalization?

A

public outrage, thorazine, JFK, burdens passing btwn gov and states

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20
Q

why do clinicians believe in fostering insight?

A

once clients understand what motivates unhelpful behaviors, they are more able to change it

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21
Q

what is the purpose of interpretation?

A

to help clients consider more information

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22
Q

how does the efficacy of insight change depending on the type of therapy?

A

directive and insight work better

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23
Q

why is it sometimes helpful for clients to struggle with the decision to come to therapy in relation to the placebo effect?

A

let them convince themself therapy will help, better outcomes

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24
Q

how do clinicians foster insight?

A

functional analysis, depending on approach

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25
the five general principles
beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, justice, integrity, and respect
26
four areas of APA code
competency, conflict of interest, confidentiality, informed consent
27
stages of psychotherapy?
relationship, assessment, case formulation, intervention, termination
28
therapist-based/top-down treatment plan def
using the approach the therapist is specializing in regardless of the client and their issue
29
diagnosis-based treatment plan def
treatment plan depends on the client's specific issue
30
explain some pros and cons of therapist self-disclosure
can promote emotional rapport, but may be ethically wrong or risky information to share
31
most common kind of premature termination
dramatic improvement in early stages
32
five categories of interventions
mental health profs, informal, formal non-mental health, alternative, and population
33
what is the treatment gap?
there are a lot more people suffering from mental illness than people getting treated for it
34
explain some of the difficulties of integrating new treatments?
difficulty training, ensuring quality of care, and matching clients
35
what are the eight general characteristics of effective treatment dissemination ?
affordable, accessible, flexible setting, flexible delivery options, adaptive to local conditions, expandable to nonprofesh workforce, scalable, and acceptable to clients and clinicians
36
what are the six benefits of group therapy
instill hope, altruism, sharing new info, universality, group cohesion, interpersonal help
37
couples therapy vs family therapy
relationship between couple vs system of relationships spanning at least two gen.
38
what is especially likely in separation counseling?
conjoint therapy
39
the APA definition of clinical psychology focuses on the _____ of science and practice, the ______ of the above for the ____ of alleviating human _____
integration, application, purpose, suffering
40
largest subfield of psych, according to APA
clinical psych
41
what is the distinctive characteristic of clinical psychologists?
the clinical approach/clinical attitude
42
in most states, a ____ license allows a clinician to practice independently
full
43
difference between Psy.D and PhD
less research intensive and graduate many more clinicians than PhD programs
44
what does supervised clinical experience include?
completion of particum, one year of fulltime internship
45
what is the process of licensure?
declare areas of competence, pass licensing board exam (EPPP)
46
who are kinnebrook and bessel and how did they contribute to psychology?
astronomy martyrs, led to personal equation research, mental testing movement
47
who is francis galton
charles darwin, mental testing lab, weight, temperature sensitivity, etc.
48
what two approaches did psychologists use in the early 1900s to formalize clinical psychology/psychology?
galton-cattell and binet tests
49
consequences of deinstitutionalization?
burden of treatment on individual, homelessness and incarceration, jails and prisons serving as MH providers
50
effective therapy to rogers?
increase positive self-regard, congruence
51
effective therapy to watson, rayner, and jones?
learn new behaviors to replace bad ones
52
effective therapy to rotter, kelly, ellis, beck?
address maladaptive thoughts/thinking
53
effective therapy to social system therapists?
societal change
54
effective therapy to biological therapists?
medicine and reduce environmental stress
55
two questions of clinical assessment
what do i want to know and how do i find it out?
56
why do we prefer to focus on referral questions instead of the presenting problem?
tells us how to best measure client symptoms, the tools to use, the therapy to use, etc. more goal oriented
57
ethical decision making w/ five-step model
identify principles at play, generate response options, evaluate interventions, take action, review impact
58
three reasons why accurate diagnosis is important
accurate treatment, professional shorthand, and research specificity
59
how is the DSM-5 different?
OCD, depressive, and bipolar disorders have own chapter w/ sub chapters; neurodevelopmental chapter moved to the front
60
what are some critiques of the DSM-5?
checklist approach vs. spectrum, lack of context, WEIRD, lacking relational disorders
61
critiques of the DSM-5 from APA's open letter
medicalization, lack of sociocultural consideration, too many new diagnoses, low disorder standards, and lack of empirical evidence
62
what does HiTOP propose as an alternative to the DSM-5?
merging personality and psychopathology by determining disorders through personality spectrums
63
what are the arguments of those pro PDM as an alternative to the DSM?
more client-focused, instead of looking at symptoms and disorders
64
what does the RDoC rely on?
psychobiological explanations for disorders
65
why is it unlikely that the DSM will be replaced?
professional shorthand, most of healthcare is discrete, and overall efficient
66
availability heuristic
on top of our mind thought influences how often we think it occurs
67
prognosis
prediction of outcome of treatment
68
main goals of assessment
classify, predict, diagnose, plan/evaluate treatment, describe
69
test-retest reliability
reliability across multiples rounds of the same test
70
internal/split-half reliability
reliability across the halves of the same results
71
interrater reliability
reliability across the different researchers
72
construct validity
overall validity
73
content validity
captures relevant dimensions of research topic
74
criterion validity
predictive and concurrent validity
75
predictive validity
degree to which assessment method predicts results
76
concurrent validity
degree to which assessment results matches results of other tests
77
discriminant validity
degree to which assessment results differ from tests measuring other topics
78
bandwidth-fidelity dilemma
choosing between breadth or thoroughness of assessment
79
should clinicians use the assessment method they're comfortable with?
not necessarily, might settle into just one
80
what critiques of assessment methods do humanistic theorists have?
dehumanizing, takes away client's responsibility, threatens relationship
81
are clinicians more likely than the average person to be able to predict a client's behavior?
no, availability heuristic
82
illusory correlations
seeing correlations where there are none
83
anchoring bias
letting first impression of a client determine view of them
84
confirmation bias
interpreting new information to be in line with old beliefs
85
when the amount of information about a client increases, does clinician intuition become more accurate?
no, confidence increases
86
statistical vs. clinical prediction
prediction based on mathematical probability, prediction based on inferences and experience
87
according to meehl's review of prediction, at worst, ___ prediction does as well as ___ prediction
statistical, clinical
88
grove's meta-analysis found what?
statistical prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction across the board, but only by about 10%
89
is statistical or clinical prediction better at predicting violent events?
statistical
90
does more clinical experience improve accuracy of clinical prediction?
yes, by about 13% (but study is correlational); could also reflect professional weeding and time to do research
91
high-quality assessment report characteristics
clarity, relevance to goals, usefulness to client
92
why is relevance challenging?
sometimes, psychologicals don't include a "goal"
93
incremental validity
the amount of new useful info assessment adds to knowledge about client
94
what are barnum reports?
general, ambiguous reports that are at least partially accurate, but only because of chance/probability dictates it
95
three components of evidence-based practice
research-backed treatment, clinical experience, knowledge of client's specific profile
96
Eysenck brought up spontaneous remission had was pessimistic about the ___ of psychotherapy
efficacy
97
three components of effective treatment research?
efficacy, relative effectiveness, and what specific components are responsible for improvement?
98
statistically vs clinically significant
the research-based measures of significance vs. the subjective feeling of being improved
99
within vs. between-subjects design in therapy outcome research
same client vs different groups
100
why are attention-control groups important
control vs experiment doesn't control for the placebo effect
101
why are bona fide treatment groups used?
more rigorous, no intent to fail
102
struggles with therapy outcome research?
equally well or equally bad, subgroups hard to tell in large experiments, and what specific parts of the therapy helped?
103
dismantling vs additive outcome research
isolating single feature of therapy vs. adding new feature to existing set
104
between-group studies have more ___ validity than within-subjects studies
external
105
why are RCT the golden standard?
high internal and external validity, typically presented in CONSORT fashion
106
leapfrog design
variation of RCT that allows for getting rid of underperforming treatment to move on to new one
107
SMART design
variation of RCT where randomized subgroups are formed within the groups to pivot to new treatments
108
box score review def
researchers categorize results to be positive or negative and then tally it up, replaced by meta-analysis
109
meta-analysis uses ___ size to quantify differences in outcome among subjects who receive vs do not receive treatment
effect
110
effect size gives you what?
average difference in outcome between control vs experimental groups of different studies for meta analysis
111

Fall Quarter 23-24 (4 decks)

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