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Fall Quarter 23-24 > PSC 165 - Clinical Psych > Flashcards

PSC 165 - Clinical Psych Flashcards

1
Q

two tools of wilhelm wundt

A

observation and experimentatin

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2
Q

how did clinical psych get started and why was it unpopular

A

lightner witmer; reputation of psych, lab scientists, unqualified/untrained

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3
Q

what parts of franz gall’s theory was correct and wrong?

A

different parts of the brain tend to be responsible for different things; no phrenology

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4
Q

mental testing movement

A

movement where intelligence, personality, etc. tests were being developed and popularized

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5
Q

what contributions did cattell make

A

one of first to use tests to determine diagnosis, weight and temp sensitivity

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6
Q

what did the binet-simon scale become

A

stanford-binet scale

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7
Q

why did the view that psychopathy stems from biology get so popular in the 19th century

A

finding syphilis’s role in brain deterioration

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8
Q

syndromes vs signs vs symptoms

A

signs are visible, symptoms are personal, and syndromes are the patterns of both

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9
Q

emil kraepelin’s contributions to psych

A

proposed first formal classification of mental disorders -> DSM

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10
Q

how did war shape clinical psychology

A

trauma from WWII caused more to seek clinical psych help

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11
Q

what was effective therapy in freud’s pov?

A

increasing awareness of unconscious conflicts

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12
Q

according to the humanistic approach, what are humanity’s main obstacles and ultimate goal

A

self actualization is ultimate goal; we seek approval from others against natural tendencies to self actualize

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13
Q

what do behaviorists believe

A

psych should focus on observable behaviors

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14
Q

what did critics of behavioral theory say

A

rigid and doesn’t allow for personal agency

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15
Q

kelly’s theory of personal constructs

A

our personal beliefs/biases organizes our interpretation of the world, sometimes negatively

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16
Q

ellis’s rational-emotive therapy

A

use strong and direct communication to show clients where they are being irrational

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17
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

we are genetically predisposed to something, and get it when environment exposes us to stress

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18
Q

science-practice gap def

A

we have treatments that are effective empirically, but not being utilized in practice

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19
Q

influencing factors on deinstitutionalization?

A

public outrage, thorazine, JFK, burdens passing btwn gov and states

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20
Q

why do clinicians believe in fostering insight?

A

once clients understand what motivates unhelpful behaviors, they are more able to change it

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21
Q

what is the purpose of interpretation?

A

to help clients consider more information

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22
Q

how does the efficacy of insight change depending on the type of therapy?

A

directive and insight work better

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23
Q

why is it sometimes helpful for clients to struggle with the decision to come to therapy in relation to the placebo effect?

A

let them convince themself therapy will help, better outcomes

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24
Q

how do clinicians foster insight?

A

functional analysis, depending on approach

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25
Q

the five general principles

A

beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, justice, integrity, and respect

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26
Q

four areas of APA code

A

competency, conflict of interest, confidentiality, informed consent

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27
Q

stages of psychotherapy?

A

relationship, assessment, case formulation, intervention, termination

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28
Q

therapist-based/top-down treatment plan def

A

using the approach the therapist is specializing in regardless of the client and their issue

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29
Q

diagnosis-based treatment plan def

A

treatment plan depends on the client’s specific issue

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30
Q

explain some pros and cons of therapist self-disclosure

A

can promote emotional rapport, but may be ethically wrong or risky information to share

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31
Q

most common kind of premature termination

A

dramatic improvement in early stages

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32
Q

five categories of interventions

A

mental health profs, informal, formal non-mental health, alternative, and population

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33
Q

what is the treatment gap?

A

there are a lot more people suffering from mental illness than people getting treated for it

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34
Q

explain some of the difficulties of integrating new treatments?

A

difficulty training, ensuring quality of care, and matching clients

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35
Q

what are the eight general characteristics of effective treatment dissemination ?

A

affordable, accessible, flexible setting, flexible delivery options, adaptive to local conditions, expandable to nonprofesh workforce, scalable, and acceptable to clients and clinicians

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36
Q

what are the six benefits of group therapy

A

instill hope, altruism, sharing new info, universality, group cohesion, interpersonal help

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37
Q

couples therapy vs family therapy

A

relationship between couple vs system of relationships spanning at least two gen.

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38
Q

what is especially likely in separation counseling?

A

conjoint therapy

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39
Q

the APA definition of clinical psychology focuses on the _____ of science and practice, the ______ of the above for the ____ of alleviating human _____

A

integration, application, purpose, suffering

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40
Q

largest subfield of psych, according to APA

A

clinical psych

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41
Q

what is the distinctive characteristic of clinical psychologists?

A

the clinical approach/clinical attitude

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42
Q

in most states, a ____ license allows a clinician to practice independently

A

full

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43
Q

difference between Psy.D and PhD

A

less research intensive and graduate many more clinicians than PhD programs

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44
Q

what does supervised clinical experience include?

A

completion of particum, one year of fulltime internship

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45
Q

what is the process of licensure?

A

declare areas of competence, pass licensing board exam (EPPP)

46
Q

who are kinnebrook and bessel and how did they contribute to psychology?

A

astronomy martyrs, led to personal equation research, mental testing movement

47
Q

who is francis galton

A

charles darwin, mental testing lab, weight, temperature sensitivity, etc.

48
Q

what two approaches did psychologists use in the early 1900s to formalize clinical psychology/psychology?

A

galton-cattell and binet tests

49
Q

consequences of deinstitutionalization?

A

burden of treatment on individual, homelessness and incarceration, jails and prisons serving as MH providers

50
Q

effective therapy to rogers?

A

increase positive self-regard, congruence

51
Q

effective therapy to watson, rayner, and jones?

A

learn new behaviors to replace bad ones

52
Q

effective therapy to rotter, kelly, ellis, beck?

A

address maladaptive thoughts/thinking

53
Q

effective therapy to social system therapists?

A

societal change

54
Q

effective therapy to biological therapists?

A

medicine and reduce environmental stress

55
Q

two questions of clinical assessment

A

what do i want to know and how do i find it out?

56
Q

why do we prefer to focus on referral questions instead of the presenting problem?

A

tells us how to best measure client symptoms, the tools to use, the therapy to use, etc. more goal oriented

57
Q

ethical decision making w/ five-step model

A

identify principles at play, generate response options, evaluate interventions, take action, review impact

58
Q

three reasons why accurate diagnosis is important

A

accurate treatment, professional shorthand, and research specificity

59
Q

how is the DSM-5 different?

A

OCD, depressive, and bipolar disorders have own chapter w/ sub chapters; neurodevelopmental chapter moved to the front

60
Q

what are some critiques of the DSM-5?

A

checklist approach vs. spectrum, lack of context, WEIRD, lacking relational disorders

61
Q

critiques of the DSM-5 from APA’s open letter

A

medicalization, lack of sociocultural consideration, too many new diagnoses, low disorder standards, and lack of empirical evidence

62
Q

what does HiTOP propose as an alternative to the DSM-5?

A

merging personality and psychopathology by determining disorders through personality spectrums

63
Q

what are the arguments of those pro PDM as an alternative to the DSM?

A

more client-focused, instead of looking at symptoms and disorders

64
Q

what does the RDoC rely on?

A

psychobiological explanations for disorders

65
Q

why is it unlikely that the DSM will be replaced?

A

professional shorthand, most of healthcare is discrete, and overall efficient

66
Q

availability heuristic

A

on top of our mind thought influences how often we think it occurs

67
Q

prognosis

A

prediction of outcome of treatment

68
Q

main goals of assessment

A

classify, predict, diagnose, plan/evaluate treatment, describe

69
Q

test-retest reliability

A

reliability across multiples rounds of the same test

70
Q

internal/split-half reliability

A

reliability across the halves of the same results

71
Q

interrater reliability

A

reliability across the different researchers

72
Q

construct validity

A

overall validity

73
Q

content validity

A

captures relevant dimensions of research topic

74
Q

criterion validity

A

predictive and concurrent validity

75
Q

predictive validity

A

degree to which assessment method predicts results

76
Q

concurrent validity

A

degree to which assessment results matches results of other tests

77
Q

discriminant validity

A

degree to which assessment results differ from tests measuring other topics

78
Q

bandwidth-fidelity dilemma

A

choosing between breadth or thoroughness of assessment

79
Q

should clinicians use the assessment method they’re comfortable with?

A

not necessarily, might settle into just one

80
Q

what critiques of assessment methods do humanistic theorists have?

A

dehumanizing, takes away client’s responsibility, threatens relationship

81
Q

are clinicians more likely than the average person to be able to predict a client’s behavior?

A

no, availability heuristic

82
Q

illusory correlations

A

seeing correlations where there are none

83
Q

anchoring bias

A

letting first impression of a client determine view of them

84
Q

confirmation bias

A

interpreting new information to be in line with old beliefs

85
Q

when the amount of information about a client increases, does clinician intuition become more accurate?

A

no, confidence increases

86
Q

statistical vs. clinical prediction

A

prediction based on mathematical probability, prediction based on inferences and experience

87
Q

according to meehl’s review of prediction, at worst, ___ prediction does as well as ___ prediction

A

statistical, clinical

88
Q

grove’s meta-analysis found what?

A

statistical prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction across the board, but only by about 10%

89
Q

is statistical or clinical prediction better at predicting violent events?

A

statistical

90
Q

does more clinical experience improve accuracy of clinical prediction?

A

yes, by about 13% (but study is correlational); could also reflect professional weeding and time to do research

91
Q

high-quality assessment report characteristics

A

clarity, relevance to goals, usefulness to client

92
Q

why is relevance challenging?

A

sometimes, psychologicals don’t include a “goal”

93
Q

incremental validity

A

the amount of new useful info assessment adds to knowledge about client

94
Q

what are barnum reports?

A

general, ambiguous reports that are at least partially accurate, but only because of chance/probability dictates it

95
Q

three components of evidence-based practice

A

research-backed treatment, clinical experience, knowledge of client’s specific profile

96
Q

Eysenck brought up spontaneous remission had was pessimistic about the ___ of psychotherapy

A

efficacy

97
Q

three components of effective treatment research?

A

efficacy, relative effectiveness, and what specific components are responsible for improvement?

98
Q

statistically vs clinically significant

A

the research-based measures of significance vs. the subjective feeling of being improved

99
Q

within vs. between-subjects design in therapy outcome research

A

same client vs different groups

100
Q

why are attention-control groups important

A

control vs experiment doesn’t control for the placebo effect

101
Q

why are bona fide treatment groups used?

A

more rigorous, no intent to fail

102
Q

struggles with therapy outcome research?

A

equally well or equally bad, subgroups hard to tell in large experiments, and what specific parts of the therapy helped?

103
Q

dismantling vs additive outcome research

A

isolating single feature of therapy vs. adding new feature to existing set

104
Q

between-group studies have more ___ validity than within-subjects studies

A

external

105
Q

why are RCT the golden standard?

A

high internal and external validity, typically presented in CONSORT fashion

106
Q

leapfrog design

A

variation of RCT that allows for getting rid of underperforming treatment to move on to new one

107
Q

SMART design

A

variation of RCT where randomized subgroups are formed within the groups to pivot to new treatments

108
Q

box score review def

A

researchers categorize results to be positive or negative and then tally it up, replaced by meta-analysis

109
Q

meta-analysis uses ___ size to quantify differences in outcome among subjects who receive vs do not receive treatment

A

effect

110
Q

effect size gives you what?

A

average difference in outcome between control vs experimental groups of different studies for meta analysis

111
Q
A

Fall Quarter 23-24 (4 decks)

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