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Fall Quarter 23-24 > PSC 154 - Psych of Emotion > Flashcards

PSC 154 - Psych of Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what is an emotion?

A

reactions to events, internal or external

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2
Q

what is a concern?

A

emotion on internal event, on mind

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3
Q

how are emotions locally rational?

A

enables adaptive priority-giving and decision making

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4
Q

who are the three 19th-century founders of modern ideas about emotions?

A

charles darwin, william james, sigmund freud

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5
Q

what was charles darwin’s argument on emotion

A

used to serve evolution as survival mechanism

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6
Q

two questions posed by darwin guiding ideas about emotion even today?

A

how do we express them and where do they come from

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7
Q

what is the james-lange theory

A

the physical reactions we have to events are emotions

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8
Q

two most important proposals of james-lange theory

A

how emotions move us bodily, and how emotions “color” our lives

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9
Q

freud was ___ to argue that ___ of mental illnesses

A

first; emotions at core

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10
Q

what similarities does darwin’s and freud’s theories on emotion share?

A

emotions can derive from something in the past

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11
Q

bowlby’s work on attachment and its relationship to freud

A

our childhood emotions determine a lot of adult attachment

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12
Q

psychotherapy uses the ___ of the therapist and insights of the patient

A

interpretations

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13
Q

what two therapies criticize freud most vocally

A

behavior and behavior-cognitive

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14
Q

summarize aristotle’s take on emotions

A

we can control emotions because they’re based on judgement

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15
Q

aristotle’s katharsis

A

the clearing of obstacles to understanding

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16
Q

epicurean thought’s core

A

pursue the natural, simple truths and pleasures of life to avoid negative emotion

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17
Q

chrysippus’s ideas on emotion

A

first vs. second movements of emotion

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18
Q

stoicism’s attitude towards emotions

A

detachment from worldliness to avoid negative emotions

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19
Q

why did descartes criticize ancient ideas on emotions

A

they were bodily, he believed in the soul

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20
Q

why is phineas gage important to study of emotions?

A

shows us neurological link in emotion

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21
Q

what has study of modern phineas gages told us about the role of emotions

A

how does the brain influence emotion/emotional regulation

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22
Q

how and why did walter cannon criticize the james-lange theory?

A
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23
Q

how did singer find a way to study empathy?

A
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24
Q

what parts of the brain are active in singer’s empathy study?

A

anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex

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25
Q

how did singer define empathy

A

have emotion similar to other person’s emotion sourced from other person’s emotion

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26
Q

are brain responses to compassion and empathy different

A

yes

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27
Q

arnold’s theory on emotion

A
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28
Q

arnold’s thoughts on appraisal

A
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29
Q

what did tomkin’s believe about the role of emotions

A
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30
Q

primary motivational system founder and theory

A

emotions amplify drives

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31
Q

goffman’s idea on emotions and who it influenced

A
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32
Q

hochschild’s idea on emotions and the term she coined

A
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33
Q

ethology def

A
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34
Q

ethologists found that emotions are the grammar of ____ living

A

social

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35
Q

what happened to split-brain subjects shown scary videos?

A

they feel fear, but are unable to remember why and instead create and believe stories that are most plausible

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36
Q

isen’s experiment showed what?

A
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37
Q

emotion episode def

A
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38
Q

when people were asked to record emotion episodes, what did they really record

A

mood

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39
Q

most common emotional disorders?

A

anxiety and depression

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40
Q

personality vs. temperament

A

personality comes from temperament and is shaped by life experiences and environment

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41
Q

three processes of evolution according to darwin

A

selection pressure, natural selection, inheritance

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42
Q

what developed in humans as result of selection pressure?

A
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43
Q

intersexual vs intrasexual competition

A

in sex, out of sex

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44
Q

why do we need to understand the environment of evolutionary adaptedness

A
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45
Q

what four features of human adaptedness do we see in apes

A

hierarchy, affiliation,

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46
Q

examples of leveling mechanisms

A

teasing someone who boasts

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47
Q

summarize lutz’s experiences on Ifaluk and what she learned

A

song, metagu, nighttime visitor, approval of inappropriate anxiety

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48
Q

often, ethnographers focus on what?

A

discourse

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49
Q

society def

A

group of people living together in particular time and space

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50
Q

culture

A

systems and beliefs held by a society

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51
Q

people on Ifaluk were better than Americans at recognizing that emotions are ___

A

relational, interpersonal

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52
Q

American language about emotion tends to what?

A

be passive

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53
Q

explain an example of how emotions reflect society’s values

A

ifaluk girl’s ker, etc.

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54
Q

two methods of studying effects of culture on emotion

A

anthropological writings, modern multicultural comparison studies

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55
Q

explain mesquita’s separation of emotion’s potential and practice

A

emotion potential refers to the universal emotion we feel to a certain event, practice has to do with how our culture shapes how we enact/express that universal emotion

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56
Q

examples of independent vs. interdependent

A

american vs. chinese emotion/culture

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57
Q

independent self construct traits

A

assert distinctiveness, focus on internal, stable across contexts

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58
Q

interdependent self construct traits

A

connected to others, role to play in community, flexible across contexts

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59
Q

how does culture shape emotion-eliciting events?

A

influences which emotion you feel; american-anger vs. japanese-shame

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60
Q

how does culture influence the kinds of emotions we feel most strongly?

A

influences which function of emotion is felt most strongly; american-disengagement vs. japanese-engagement

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61
Q

how is happiness achieved in independent vs. interdependent cultures?

A

positive emotions vs. duty and upholding standards

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62
Q

relationship between east asian emotional complexity

A

more likely to half simultaneous, contradicting emotions due to five principles

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63
Q

amea def

A

japanese attachment emotion of complete acceptance

64
Q

what did experience samples of east asian vs western students tell us?

A

contradiction vs. singularity, all faces vs. singular target face

65
Q

affect evaluation theory + examples

A

emotions promoting cultural values are expressed and felt more; excited vs. calm smiles in American vs. Taiwanese politicians

66
Q

history of distrust of emotions

A

plato - emotions from lower brain
epicureans and stoics - distance from emotion

67
Q

why is western thought on emotion ironic?

A
  • autonomous agents, yet passive in emotion
  • distrust of emotion, yet believe in “true” self
68
Q

Leersnyder’s study on cultural emotional experience on wellbeing found what?

A

wellbeing increased the more pattern of emotion matched either relatedness or autonomous situations (korean, american, belgian)

69
Q

what does pinker argue is the main emotional reason behind war/violence?

A

in-group vs out-group

70
Q

when did term emotion come?

A

romantic era

71
Q

is passionate sexual love cross cultural?

A

usually, 88%

72
Q

characteristics of western love

A

meaningful looks, “no words necessary”, devotion before unity

73
Q

display rules def

A

when person experiences emotion, culture dictates how and whether it is expressed

74
Q

deep learning def and example

A

intuitive learning from experience, ifaluk

75
Q

lazarus’s 2 emotional themes

A

emotion is response to appraisal and appraisal is ongoing relationship to environment

76
Q

three questions of appraisal-centric theories

A

what happened? what do i think about it? what can i do about it and what will happen after?

77
Q

what goes on in a primary appraisal?

A

good or bad?

78
Q

lazarus’s theory of emotion

A

primary appraisal is of whether event is relevant to goal, if it is then an emotion is elicited. if positive to goal, then positive emotion and so on

79
Q

lazarus’s core relational theme def

A

the main theme or motivation of emotion

80
Q

what are ur-emotions

A

primitive emotion, some not all of emotion’s attributes

81
Q

attributions def

A

the context

82
Q

component process model

A

novel/relevant? then how certian are we? then pleasant or conducive, then agency, cause of event, level of control/power, and finally how normative?

83
Q

what is social sharing?

A

cross cultural tendency to share how we feel

84
Q

three levels of emotion lexicon

A

superordinate: good or bad; basic: six emotion concepts; subordinate: specifics

85
Q

paradigm scenarios

A

emotional scripts

86
Q

alexithymia

A

having few words for emotion

87
Q

assumptions of dimensional approaches

A
  • dimensional, not discrete
  • core affect (primary appraisal of good or bad)
  • emotional language
88
Q

neuromodulators

A

peptides influencing activation of neurotransmitters

89
Q

what distinguishes the human brain from other species?

A

cerebral cortex’s size/complexity

90
Q

limbic system

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

91
Q

prozac increases ___

A

serotonin

92
Q

Panksepp noted that ____ and ____ inhibited the activation of the seven emotional systems

A

GABA and serotonin

93
Q

two consistent themes of affective neuroscience findings

A
  • emotion has activation in specific brain systems
  • there are specific regions of the brain activated that interact and overlap for each emotion
94
Q

what did ledoux argue about the amygdala?

A

it evaluates sensory stimuli for emotional signifigance

95
Q

why did ledoux argue the emotional significance of the amygdala?

A

deep connections to visual and auditory input (sensory), but also hypothalamus (emotional behavior regulation)

96
Q

what specifically does the amygdala process for?

A

novelty and relevance

97
Q

there is more amygdala activation in selfish people than altruistic people when they are presented with the opportunity to win money. what does this say about the amygdala?

A

processing for relevancy, tracking possibility of reward

98
Q

reward circuit includes…

A

central medial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental areas (dopamine networks and dopamine producer)

99
Q

wanting vs liking in the brain

A

wanting -> dopamine networks in nucleus accumbens; liking -> opioids

100
Q

is it social rewards/abstract pleasure or physical stimuli that affects the reward circuit?

A

both

101
Q

three emotional processes periaqueductal gray is responsible for

A

avoidance of pain (opioids), activation during negatively valenced stimuli, caregiving (response to harm or pain)

102
Q

central part of the brain for experiencing emotion

A

anterior insular cortex

103
Q

two things the anterior insular cortex tracks

A

physiological measures, conscious awareness of own body

104
Q

when patient JS damaged parts of his prefrontal cortex he acquired ____

A

sociopathy

105
Q

damage to orbitofrontal cortex produces what effects and why?

A

flat effect, inappropriate emotions, disinhibited behavior (can’t learn what parts of environment will give reward/punishment)

106
Q

two processes of reporting emotion with words and where it takes place in the brain?

A

attending to emotion (dorsal medial prefrontal cortex), categorizing emotion (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)

107
Q

what is a constructionist way of thinking of emotion conceptualization with language?

A

our language for our emotions shapes and influences our experience of it

108
Q

what neurological processes happen to help us regulate emotions with words?

A

labeling negative emotions actives right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which inhibits amygdala activation

109
Q

two kinds of evidence that prefrontal cortex is important to emotional regulation?

A

neuroimaging and lesion studies

110
Q

when people reappraise a situation, there tends to be activation in the ____

A

dorsal prefrontal cortex

111
Q

why does a third-person perspective help regulate emotions?

A

activates the medial prefrontal cortex

112
Q

two parts of the brain associated with empathy?

A

anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insular cortex

113
Q

part of the brain associated with social pain?

A

dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

114
Q

what is the basis of society and culture according to tomastello?

A

collective intentionality

115
Q

goal-corrected partnership def

A

neural network in brain developing from parent-child relationship giving rise to shared thinking and action

116
Q

true or false: the smile is the first social interaction of an infant

A

false, social smiling only starts after a month

117
Q

what does anger give rise to cognitively in children?

A

means-end thinking

118
Q

at around 18 months, children begin showing _____ due to increasing complexity in their social lives

A

self-conscious emotions

119
Q

three types of prosocial behaviors from children?

A

instrumental help, resource sharing, comfort

120
Q

emotion face processing in children is found in what parts of the brain?

A

orbitofrontal cortex and right hemisphere

121
Q

social referencing def

A

using other’s emotional displays to determine own behavior

122
Q

how did marriage expectations change?

A

ag to market economy and more mobility

123
Q

in terms of attraction, what factor has been shown to be most “important”?

A

physical beauty

124
Q

when sexual desire is ____ to one person, it sets up long-term relationships

A

unique

125
Q

three principles of relationship maintenance?

A

resolution, responsiveness, and maintenance

126
Q

four horsemen of relationship dissolution

A

criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and contempt

127
Q

____ upon the good is a feature of surviving relationships

A

capitalizing

128
Q

why was gratitude proposed to be the foundational emotion of social cooperation?

A

allows you to see generosity, motivates altruism

129
Q

people more socially integrated have ____ activity in HPA axis

A

lower

130
Q

how did russell define power?

A

ability to influence others

131
Q

two theories on how our emotional lives influence social hierarchy

A

emotional life negotiates status, status negotiates emotional life

132
Q

chemical ratios for high power-enhancing behavior

A

high testosterone, low cortisol

133
Q

gilbert’s social rank theory

A

evolutionary take that status/lack of status is integral to emotional lives

134
Q

what is universal vs specific about pride

A

performing behaviors that are socially valued elicits pride, the behaviors differ depending on culture

135
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for envy and social rejection

A

anterior cingulate cortex

136
Q

upper-class subjects report higher ____ happiness

A

general

137
Q

lower-class people tend to experience more ____ in response to another’s suffering

A

empathy

138
Q

durkheim’s collective effervescence

A

shared emotional experiences solidifies and strengthens group cohesion

139
Q

group-based emotions

A

emotions elicited by event happening to group we affiliate w/ or care about

140
Q

collective emotions

A

emotions we experience in social environments

141
Q

infrahumanization

A

attributing animal-like qualities to outgroup

142
Q

gene-environment correlation in personality

A

early personality affects later personality because of the environment we choose as a result of early personality (active rGE and evocative rGE)

143
Q

is early attachment strongly correlated with early temperament and genetics?

A

no

144
Q

are genetics strongly correlated with adolescent attachment?

A

yes, evocative rGE

145
Q

true or false: all attachment categories are equally unlikely to be influenced by genetics

A

false, genes associated w/ disorganization

146
Q

comorbidity vs heterogeneity

A

overlapping diagnoses vs variation within single disorder

147
Q

predominance of one emotion system theory of psychopathology

A

one family of emotion dominates others causing biased appraisals, behaviors, etc.

148
Q

atypical emotion responses theory of psychopathology

A

incoherent/mismatched emotional responses to events, associated with both externalized and internalized problems

149
Q

poor emotion regulation theory of psychopathology

A

struggle to regulate own emotions, now demonstrated in many psychopathologies (including alexithymia)

150
Q

alexithymia

A

trouble labelling own emotions

151
Q

emotional adaptation to negative environments theory of psychopathology

A

adapted to harsh environment where behavior was actually an advantage

152
Q

epidemiologists are concerned with _____ and _____

A

prevalence, incidence

153
Q

prevalence vs incidence

A

portion of population vs number of new onsets in time period

154
Q

p factor

A

a hypothetical factor that predisposes people to psychopathology, associated with emotion dysregulation and negative affectivity

155
Q

transdiagnostic model

A

believes there is a subset of dimensions compromised in all psychopathology

156
Q
A

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