PSC 154 - Psych of Emotion Flashcards
1
Q
what is an emotion?
A
reactions to events, internal or external
2
Q
what is a concern?
A
emotion on internal event, on mind
3
Q
how are emotions locally rational?
A
enables adaptive priority-giving and decision making
4
Q
who are the three 19th-century founders of modern ideas about emotions?
A
charles darwin, william james, sigmund freud
5
Q
what was charles darwin’s argument on emotion
A
used to serve evolution as survival mechanism
6
Q
two questions posed by darwin guiding ideas about emotion even today?
A
how do we express them and where do they come from
7
Q
what is the james-lange theory
A
the physical reactions we have to events are emotions
8
Q
two most important proposals of james-lange theory
A
how emotions move us bodily, and how emotions “color” our lives
9
Q
freud was ___ to argue that ___ of mental illnesses
A
first; emotions at core
10
Q
what similarities does darwin’s and freud’s theories on emotion share?
A
emotions can derive from something in the past
11
Q
bowlby’s work on attachment and its relationship to freud
A
our childhood emotions determine a lot of adult attachment
12
Q
psychotherapy uses the ___ of the therapist and insights of the patient
A
interpretations
13
Q
what two therapies criticize freud most vocally
A
behavior and behavior-cognitive
14
Q
summarize aristotle’s take on emotions
A
we can control emotions because they’re based on judgement
15
Q
aristotle’s katharsis
A
the clearing of obstacles to understanding
16
Q
epicurean thought’s core
A
pursue the natural, simple truths and pleasures of life to avoid negative emotion
17
Q
chrysippus’s ideas on emotion
A
first vs. second movements of emotion
18
Q
stoicism’s attitude towards emotions
A
detachment from worldliness to avoid negative emotions
19
Q
why did descartes criticize ancient ideas on emotions
A
they were bodily, he believed in the soul
20
Q
why is phineas gage important to study of emotions?
A
shows us neurological link in emotion
21
Q
what has study of modern phineas gages told us about the role of emotions
A
how does the brain influence emotion/emotional regulation
22
Q
how and why did walter cannon criticize the james-lange theory?
A
23
Q
how did singer find a way to study empathy?
A
24
Q
what parts of the brain are active in singer’s empathy study?
A
anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex
25
how did singer define empathy
have emotion similar to other person's emotion sourced from other person's emotion
26
are brain responses to compassion and empathy different
yes
27
arnold's theory on emotion
28
arnold's thoughts on appraisal
29
what did tomkin's believe about the role of emotions
30
primary motivational system founder and theory
emotions amplify drives
31
goffman's idea on emotions and who it influenced
32
hochschild's idea on emotions and the term she coined
33
ethology def
34
ethologists found that emotions are the grammar of ____ living
social
35
what happened to split-brain subjects shown scary videos?
they feel fear, but are unable to remember why and instead create and believe stories that are most plausible
36
isen's experiment showed what?
37
emotion episode def
38
when people were asked to record emotion episodes, what did they really record
mood
39
most common emotional disorders?
anxiety and depression
40
personality vs. temperament
personality comes from temperament and is shaped by life experiences and environment
41
three processes of evolution according to darwin
selection pressure, natural selection, inheritance
42
what developed in humans as result of selection pressure?
43
intersexual vs intrasexual competition
in sex, out of sex
44
why do we need to understand the environment of evolutionary adaptedness
45
what four features of human adaptedness do we see in apes
hierarchy, affiliation,
46
examples of leveling mechanisms
teasing someone who boasts
47
summarize lutz's experiences on Ifaluk and what she learned
song, metagu, nighttime visitor, approval of inappropriate anxiety
48
often, ethnographers focus on what?
discourse
49
society def
group of people living together in particular time and space
50
culture
systems and beliefs held by a society
51
people on Ifaluk were better than Americans at recognizing that emotions are ___
relational, interpersonal
52
American language about emotion tends to what?
be passive
53
explain an example of how emotions reflect society's values
ifaluk girl's ker, etc.
54
two methods of studying effects of culture on emotion
anthropological writings, modern multicultural comparison studies
55
explain mesquita's separation of emotion's potential and practice
emotion potential refers to the universal emotion we feel to a certain event, practice has to do with how our culture shapes how we enact/express that universal emotion
56
examples of independent vs. interdependent
american vs. chinese emotion/culture
57
independent self construct traits
assert distinctiveness, focus on internal, stable across contexts
58
interdependent self construct traits
connected to others, role to play in community, flexible across contexts
59
how does culture shape emotion-eliciting events?
influences which emotion you feel; american-anger vs. japanese-shame
60
how does culture influence the kinds of emotions we feel most strongly?
influences which function of emotion is felt most strongly; american-disengagement vs. japanese-engagement
61
how is happiness achieved in independent vs. interdependent cultures?
positive emotions vs. duty and upholding standards
62
relationship between east asian emotional complexity
more likely to half simultaneous, contradicting emotions due to five principles
63
amea def
japanese attachment emotion of complete acceptance
64
what did experience samples of east asian vs western students tell us?
contradiction vs. singularity, all faces vs. singular target face
65
affect evaluation theory + examples
emotions promoting cultural values are expressed and felt more; excited vs. calm smiles in American vs. Taiwanese politicians
66
history of distrust of emotions
plato - emotions from lower brain
epicureans and stoics - distance from emotion
67
why is western thought on emotion ironic?
- autonomous agents, yet passive in emotion
- distrust of emotion, yet believe in "true" self
68
Leersnyder's study on cultural emotional experience on wellbeing found what?
wellbeing increased the more pattern of emotion matched either relatedness or autonomous situations (korean, american, belgian)
69
what does pinker argue is the main emotional reason behind war/violence?
in-group vs out-group
70
when did term emotion come?
romantic era
71
is passionate sexual love cross cultural?
usually, 88%
72
characteristics of western love
meaningful looks, "no words necessary", devotion before unity
73
display rules def
when person experiences emotion, culture dictates how and whether it is expressed
74
deep learning def and example
intuitive learning from experience, ifaluk
75
lazarus's 2 emotional themes
emotion is response to appraisal and appraisal is ongoing relationship to environment
76
three questions of appraisal-centric theories
what happened? what do i think about it? what can i do about it and what will happen after?
77
what goes on in a primary appraisal?
good or bad?
78
lazarus's theory of emotion
primary appraisal is of whether event is relevant to goal, if it is then an emotion is elicited. if positive to goal, then positive emotion and so on
79
lazarus's core relational theme def
the main theme or motivation of emotion
80
what are ur-emotions
primitive emotion, some not all of emotion's attributes
81
attributions def
the context
82
component process model
novel/relevant? then how certian are we? then pleasant or conducive, then agency, cause of event, level of control/power, and finally how normative?
83
what is social sharing?
cross cultural tendency to share how we feel
84
three levels of emotion lexicon
superordinate: good or bad; basic: six emotion concepts; subordinate: specifics
85
paradigm scenarios
emotional scripts
86
alexithymia
having few words for emotion
87
assumptions of dimensional approaches
- dimensional, not discrete
- core affect (primary appraisal of good or bad)
- emotional language
88
neuromodulators
peptides influencing activation of neurotransmitters
89
what distinguishes the human brain from other species?
cerebral cortex's size/complexity
90
limbic system
hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
91
prozac increases ___
serotonin
92
Panksepp noted that ____ and ____ inhibited the activation of the seven emotional systems
GABA and serotonin
93
two consistent themes of affective neuroscience findings
- emotion has activation in specific brain systems
- there are specific regions of the brain activated that interact and overlap for each emotion
94
what did ledoux argue about the amygdala?
it evaluates sensory stimuli for emotional signifigance
95
why did ledoux argue the emotional significance of the amygdala?
deep connections to visual and auditory input (sensory), but also hypothalamus (emotional behavior regulation)
96
what specifically does the amygdala process for?
novelty and relevance
97
there is more amygdala activation in selfish people than altruistic people when they are presented with the opportunity to win money. what does this say about the amygdala?
processing for relevancy, tracking possibility of reward
98
reward circuit includes...
central medial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental areas (dopamine networks and dopamine producer)
99
wanting vs liking in the brain
wanting -> dopamine networks in nucleus accumbens; liking -> opioids
100
is it social rewards/abstract pleasure or physical stimuli that affects the reward circuit?
both
101
three emotional processes periaqueductal gray is responsible for
avoidance of pain (opioids), activation during negatively valenced stimuli, caregiving (response to harm or pain)
102
central part of the brain for experiencing emotion
anterior insular cortex
103
two things the anterior insular cortex tracks
physiological measures, conscious awareness of own body
104
when patient JS damaged parts of his prefrontal cortex he acquired ____
sociopathy
105
damage to orbitofrontal cortex produces what effects and why?
flat effect, inappropriate emotions, disinhibited behavior (can't learn what parts of environment will give reward/punishment)
106
two processes of reporting emotion with words and where it takes place in the brain?
attending to emotion (dorsal medial prefrontal cortex), categorizing emotion (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)
107
what is a constructionist way of thinking of emotion conceptualization with language?
our language for our emotions shapes and influences our experience of it
108
what neurological processes happen to help us regulate emotions with words?
labeling negative emotions actives right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which inhibits amygdala activation
109
two kinds of evidence that prefrontal cortex is important to emotional regulation?
neuroimaging and lesion studies
110
when people reappraise a situation, there tends to be activation in the ____
dorsal prefrontal cortex
111
why does a third-person perspective help regulate emotions?
activates the medial prefrontal cortex
112
two parts of the brain associated with empathy?
anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insular cortex
113
part of the brain associated with social pain?
dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
114
what is the basis of society and culture according to tomastello?
collective intentionality
115
goal-corrected partnership def
neural network in brain developing from parent-child relationship giving rise to shared thinking and action
116
true or false: the smile is the first social interaction of an infant
false, social smiling only starts after a month
117
what does anger give rise to cognitively in children?
means-end thinking
118
at around 18 months, children begin showing _____ due to increasing complexity in their social lives
self-conscious emotions
119
three types of prosocial behaviors from children?
instrumental help, resource sharing, comfort
120
emotion face processing in children is found in what parts of the brain?
orbitofrontal cortex and right hemisphere
121
social referencing def
using other's emotional displays to determine own behavior
122
how did marriage expectations change?
ag to market economy and more mobility
123
in terms of attraction, what factor has been shown to be most "important"?
physical beauty
124
when sexual desire is ____ to one person, it sets up long-term relationships
unique
125
three principles of relationship maintenance?
resolution, responsiveness, and maintenance
126
four horsemen of relationship dissolution
criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and contempt
127
____ upon the good is a feature of surviving relationships
capitalizing
128
why was gratitude proposed to be the foundational emotion of social cooperation?
allows you to see generosity, motivates altruism
129
people more socially integrated have ____ activity in HPA axis
lower
130
how did russell define power?
ability to influence others
131
two theories on how our emotional lives influence social hierarchy
emotional life negotiates status, status negotiates emotional life
132
chemical ratios for high power-enhancing behavior
high testosterone, low cortisol
133
gilbert's social rank theory
evolutionary take that status/lack of status is integral to emotional lives
134
what is universal vs specific about pride
performing behaviors that are socially valued elicits pride, the behaviors differ depending on culture
135
what part of the brain is responsible for envy and social rejection
anterior cingulate cortex
136
upper-class subjects report higher ____ happiness
general
137
lower-class people tend to experience more ____ in response to another's suffering
empathy
138
durkheim's collective effervescence
shared emotional experiences solidifies and strengthens group cohesion
139
group-based emotions
emotions elicited by event happening to group we affiliate w/ or care about
140
collective emotions
emotions we experience in social environments
141
infrahumanization
attributing animal-like qualities to outgroup
142
gene-environment correlation in personality
early personality affects later personality because of the environment we choose as a result of early personality (active rGE and evocative rGE)
143
is early attachment strongly correlated with early temperament and genetics?
no
144
are genetics strongly correlated with adolescent attachment?
yes, evocative rGE
145
true or false: all attachment categories are equally unlikely to be influenced by genetics
false, genes associated w/ disorganization
146
comorbidity vs heterogeneity
overlapping diagnoses vs variation within single disorder
147
predominance of one emotion system theory of psychopathology
one family of emotion dominates others causing biased appraisals, behaviors, etc.
148
atypical emotion responses theory of psychopathology
incoherent/mismatched emotional responses to events, associated with both externalized and internalized problems
149
poor emotion regulation theory of psychopathology
struggle to regulate own emotions, now demonstrated in many psychopathologies (including alexithymia)
150
alexithymia
trouble labelling own emotions
151
emotional adaptation to negative environments theory of psychopathology
adapted to harsh environment where behavior was actually an advantage
152
epidemiologists are concerned with _____ and _____
prevalence, incidence
153
prevalence vs incidence
portion of population vs number of new onsets in time period
154
p factor
a hypothetical factor that predisposes people to psychopathology, associated with emotion dysregulation and negative affectivity
155
transdiagnostic model
believes there is a subset of dimensions compromised in all psychopathology
156
