PSC 140 - Developmental Psych Flashcards
1
Q
what is a genotype made of, how does it determine phenotype
A
set of alleles child receives is genotype, which ones are expressed (dominance) is phenotype
2
Q
codominance def
A
alleles are equally strong, both expressed
3
Q
in twin adoption studies on intelligence, does nature or nurture have larger role?
A
nature
4
Q
in fraternal twin intelligence studies, what evidence is there for environment being important to intelligence?
A
raised in more similar environments, more similar scores than siblings
5
Q
if you can count what is developing, it’s most likely ___
A
continuous
6
Q
which period of prenatal development sees most organ development
A
embryonic
7
Q
three basic parts of neuron
A
axon, body, dendrites
8
Q
what does glial cell do
A
myelin sheath and guidance during migration
9
Q
largest part of brain
A
cerebral cortex
10
Q
roles of the four lobes
A
occipital - visual
temporal - audio
parietal - movement
frontal - execution
11
Q
what do association areas do
A
process and integrate information between major sensory systems
12
Q
EEGs map ____ of neural events
A
time course
13
Q
ERPs map ____ in brain activity in response to diff stimuli
A
changes
14
Q
how is MEG diff from EEG and ERP
A
can map change and time, measures magnetic fields from brain electricity
15
Q
neurogenesis begins ___ days after conception and is complete by ________ of gestation
A
42, midway point
16
Q
where in the brain do people continue neurogenesis throughout life
A
hippocampus
17
Q
aborization def
A
increased size and complexity of dendritic tree, through spines
18
Q
function of aborization
A
allows complexity over first years of life, increases cortex thickness and surface area
19
Q
myelination occurs rapidly during first _____ after birth, slows ______, and slowly during ______
A
months, toddlerhood, young adulthood
20
Q
myelination occurs in what pattern?
A
upward and outward from deep brain, back (faster) to front (slower)
21
Q
__% is removed through synaptic pruning
A
40
22
Q
synaptic pruning occurs during _______ through to ____, esp. _____
A
first years of life, 30s, adolescence
23
Q
atypical synaptic pruning is linked to what two disorders?
A
autism and schizophrenia
24
Q
what evidence is there linking atypical synaptical pruning to autism
A
abnormal cortical thickness, time that symptoms begin to show (adolescence)
25
experience-expectant plasticity def
universal experiences of all infants
26
experience-dependent plasticity def
individual experiences of an infant
27
pros and cons of experience-expectant plasticity
- less genes needed
- more vulnerability
28
cross modal reorganization example
born w/ cataracts has extra neurons recruited to auditory system
29
preferential-looking technique def
two images, measure the amount of time infant looks at each
30
two ways of studying infant perception
habituation and preferential-looking technique
31
why do infants prefer high visual contrast?
poor visual acuity, poor contrast sensitivity
32
why do infants have bad eyesight
immature cone cells in fovea, spaces 4x apart, catches only 2% of light
33
is smooth pursuit eye movement experienced-based or maturity-based
maturity
34
is perceptual constancy developed later?
no, early in infants
35
what does common motion do and when is it developed
suggests object segregation, 2 months
36
are infants out-of-sight, out-of-mind?
no, even size perception is there
37
how do we study optical expansion in infants? and is it maturity or experience
timing their blinks, maturity
38
stereopsis
brain calculates diff of image between two retinas to determine distance (more-closer, less-further)
39
monocular/pictorial cues in infants study explanation
object with illusion that one end is closer is presented, infant has one eye covered, will still grab the "closer" end
40
why are infants worst at auditory localization
smaller heads, lack of multimodal experience
41
infants prefer consonant intervals over ___ intervals, even without ____ experience
dissonant, musical
42
do the results of the singular changed note in a key mean that infants are more musically attuned?
no, just less experience
43
is prenatal nutrition or breastmilk more important to taste preference?
prenatal nutrition
44
McGurk effect in infants
plays ba, sees ga, hears da
44
list the reflexes infants have
moro, stepping, grasping, rooting, tonic neck, swallowing and sucking
44
how are affordances and the stepping reflex related?
the weight of the infant's body affording (or not affording) stepping
45
why do infants change modes of self-locomotion
adaptive response to needs of environment
46
how to scale errors occur and what are they?
media, grasp, scale errors; difficulty integrating perceptual information
47
what is piaget's fundamental assumption about children?
mentally and physically active from birth, contributing to development
48
piaget's constructionism def
children construct knowledge for themselves in response to experiences
49
assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium def
incorporate into known knowledge, reshaping known knowledge, balancing previous for stable knowledge
50
4 central properties of piaget's theory
qualitative change, broad applicability, brief transition, invariant sequence
51
4 stages of piaget's theory
sensorimotor, preoperation, concrete operational, formal operational
52
sensorimotor stage's features
object permanance, a-not-b error to deferred imitation
53
preoperational stage's features
symbolic representations, egocentrism and centration (including conservation)
54
piaget's theory's weaknesses
understates social contributions, underestimates children, vague mechanisms, assumes children's thinking as more constant than it is
55
two characteristics of information-processing theories
task analysis, emphasis on thinking process over time
56
are information-processing theorists continuous or discontinuous?
continuous
56
basic processes examples
generalizing, associating, encoding, recalling, recognizing
56
two biological features that increase processing speed
myelination and connectivity
57
overlapping waves theory
children try different problem-solving strategies that change and overlap over time
57
perceptual categorization
categorization based on physical attributes/appearance
57
how do you test perceptual categorization in infants?
showing several animals, asking which are similar
57
what feature of categorization do children rely on the most
shape
57
three levels of category hierarchies?
basic, subordinate, superordinate
57
does a general understanding of gravity, inertia, etc. exist at the first few months? how do we know
yes, look longer at impossible stacks
58
how does cause-and-effect relationships influence learning?
improves memory of lesson
59
three concepts of naive psych?
60
what is theory of mind?
understanding of how belief, motives, intention, etc. work together to influence behavior
61
by three years old, do children fall for false belief problems? what influences the results?
typically fall for it, unless scaffolded
62
what is TOMM and why is ASD related?
ASD used as evidence for existence of TOMM
63
empiricists and nativists disagree on development of theory of mind how?
empiricists say experience of siblings/peers contribute, nativists say TOMM
64
what do boys and only children have more in common?
pretend play at later ages
65
pretend play's influence on social skills, causal?
correlational so far, improves
66
what is an example of a child's belief in essentialism?
there is innate thing that is "essential" to the thing's category
67
g stands for?
general intelligence
68
what evidence supports the idea of g?
positive relationships between physiology, ability, and other test scores
69
where is fluid intelligence most active in in the brain/
prefrontal cortex
70
timeline of fluid vs. crystallized intelligence
fluid peaks at 20 and goes down, crystal increases over time
71
seven primary mental abilities
word fluency, verbal meaning, reasoning, spatial, numbering, rote memory, processing speed
72
three main themes of theories of intelligence
fluid vs crystallized, seven primary abilities, multiple processes
73
three-stratum theory of intelligence
g->seven+primary/crystal->multiple processes
74
most widely used intelligence test for children 6+ years old?
WISC-V
75
what themes of intelligence does the WISC-V measure?
three-stratum theory and five general capabilities (verbal, spatial, working memory, processing speed, fluid reasoning)
76
what trait may be the most stably correlated over time?
IQ
77
what is the most strongly correlated factor to a child's financial success?
IQ
78
do IQ tests measure only "intelligence"?
no, also motivation to succeed
79
why do related people show more similar IQ scores later in life?
genetic influences coming into play after or around puberty
80
passive vs evocative vs active effects
match between parent and child, parent responds to child accordingly, child takes charge
81
why was HOME invented?
to address differences in environment within the same household/environment
82
how are IQ and HOME scores correlated?
positively
83
in relation to school's impact on IQ, what differences exist between low-SES and high-SES children?
summers/breaks show constancy or decrease in low, and increase in high
84
critiques of the flynn effect
increases only in underserved populations, shifts in educational values, new experiences w/ tech, improved quality of life
85
what did the sameroff study find about IQ stability?
positive correlation between amount of risk in environment and IQ score
86
units of language
phenomes, morphemes, syntax, pragmatics
87
language is universal, but species ___
specific
88
what side of the brain deals with language, spoken or not?
left hemisphere typically
89
characteristics of infant-directed speech
pitch variability, slow speed, word repetition, and questions
90
prosody
language's rhythmic and intonation patterns
91
what kind of perception of language causes us to hear /b/ and /p/ differently?
categorical perception, VOT
92
do infants learn language best alone? how do we know?
live interactions or with peers best
93
when does word segmentation begin?
second half of first year
94
intersubjectivity def
mutual understanding, foundation of joint attention
95
whole-object assumption
assumption that novel word refers to entirety of novel object
96
pragmatic cues
context clues
97
universal grammar
nativist theory of a hard-wired set of rules for language
98
what is an influential approach in computational language development models?
connectionism
99
what do connectionists believe (computational language development)
simultaneous activity and interconnectedness of many processing units
100
primary intersubjectivity
interaction in which each participant focuses on emotional expressions of the other
101
secondary intersubjectivity
mutual awareness of environment between child and participant
102
syllable babbling vs gibberish babbling
singular, varied
103
telegraphic speech
speech containing only the most important words
104
how did bowlby's view of infants differ from psychoanalytic view?
competent and self motivated, as opposed to needy
105
attachment helps children with ____, or managing their emotions
coregulation
106
parental sensitivity (to do w/ attachment styles)
caregiving that involves responsiveness and expressions of warmth
107
is attachment genetic?
no evidence for heritability, but evidence for epigenetic influence
108
differential susceptibility in attachment def
your genes may predispose you to fare worse off if you are in an environment that causes insecure attachment
109
functionalist perspective
experiencing emotions serves a function between you and environment
110
when do toddlers start self regulating emotions
5 months
111
why do children transition from self-comforting to self-distracting behaviors?
neurological changes in managing attention and parental guidance to do so
112
rothbart's five dimensions of temperament
anger, fear, laughter, attention, and activity
113
what kind of gene-environment correlation occured in twin studies researching the heriditary effect of temperament in development? and why?
passive, because genetics played role and also caused the environmental influence
114
dramatic rise in children raised in single-parent family structures is attributed to what?
increasing birthrate among single women
115
did teen-tot program outcome studies find benefits among teen parents and their children?
no
116
second-parent adoption
non-biological partner adopting child of biological partner
117
research shows _____ difference in parenting outcomes between same-sex and different-sex parents
no
118
true or false: children of divorce tend to recover from psychological trauma and show more or less the same behaviors as non-divorced children as adults
false
119
what can prevent harm for children during divorce?
high levels of warmth from both parents, divorce when marriage was strained, not having to "pick sides"
120
true or false: stepmothers tend to have more strained relationships with stepchildren than stepfathers
true
121
discipline
strategies and behaviors used to teach children to behave a certain way
122
internalization
when discipline is applied to future behavior
123
other-oriented induction improves _____
internalization
124
why is punishment usually ineffective in discipline?
too much psychological pressure prevents internalization, child only does behavior when parent is not around
125
true or false: the negative effects of spanking are limited to more western cultures
false
126
two dimensions of parenting style
warmth and responsiveness; demand and control
127
four parenting styles
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved
128
children who are more differentially susceptible to parenting style typically that what gene allele?
SLC6a4 (serotonin transporter)
129
coercive cycle
negative response from children causes negative response from parents and escalates cycle
130
is the older-to-younger sibling behavior and the younger-to-older sibling behavior relationship bidirectional?
no, only older to younger influences behavior of younger
131
