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Fall Quarter 23-24 > PSC 140 - Developmental Psych > Flashcards

PSC 140 - Developmental Psych Flashcards

1
Q

what is a genotype made of, how does it determine phenotype

A

set of alleles child receives is genotype, which ones are expressed (dominance) is phenotype

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2
Q

codominance def

A

alleles are equally strong, both expressed

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3
Q

in twin adoption studies on intelligence, does nature or nurture have larger role?

A

nature

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4
Q

in fraternal twin intelligence studies, what evidence is there for environment being important to intelligence?

A

raised in more similar environments, more similar scores than siblings

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5
Q

if you can count what is developing, it’s most likely ___

A

continuous

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6
Q

which period of prenatal development sees most organ development

A

embryonic

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7
Q

three basic parts of neuron

A

axon, body, dendrites

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8
Q

what does glial cell do

A

myelin sheath and guidance during migration

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9
Q

largest part of brain

A

cerebral cortex

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10
Q

roles of the four lobes

A

occipital - visual
temporal - audio
parietal - movement
frontal - execution

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11
Q

what do association areas do

A

process and integrate information between major sensory systems

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12
Q

EEGs map ____ of neural events

A

time course

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13
Q

ERPs map ____ in brain activity in response to diff stimuli

A

changes

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14
Q

how is MEG diff from EEG and ERP

A

can map change and time, measures magnetic fields from brain electricity

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15
Q

neurogenesis begins ___ days after conception and is complete by ________ of gestation

A

42, midway point

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16
Q

where in the brain do people continue neurogenesis throughout life

A

hippocampus

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17
Q

aborization def

A

increased size and complexity of dendritic tree, through spines

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18
Q

function of aborization

A

allows complexity over first years of life, increases cortex thickness and surface area

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19
Q

myelination occurs rapidly during first _____ after birth, slows ______, and slowly during ______

A

months, toddlerhood, young adulthood

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20
Q

myelination occurs in what pattern?

A

upward and outward from deep brain, back (faster) to front (slower)

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21
Q

__% is removed through synaptic pruning

A

40

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22
Q

synaptic pruning occurs during _______ through to ____, esp. _____

A

first years of life, 30s, adolescence

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23
Q

atypical synaptic pruning is linked to what two disorders?

A

autism and schizophrenia

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24
Q

what evidence is there linking atypical synaptical pruning to autism

A

abnormal cortical thickness, time that symptoms begin to show (adolescence)

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25
Q

experience-expectant plasticity def

A

universal experiences of all infants

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26
Q

experience-dependent plasticity def

A

individual experiences of an infant

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27
Q

pros and cons of experience-expectant plasticity

A
  • less genes needed
  • more vulnerability
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28
Q

cross modal reorganization example

A

born w/ cataracts has extra neurons recruited to auditory system

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29
Q

preferential-looking technique def

A

two images, measure the amount of time infant looks at each

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30
Q

two ways of studying infant perception

A

habituation and preferential-looking technique

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31
Q

why do infants prefer high visual contrast?

A

poor visual acuity, poor contrast sensitivity

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32
Q

why do infants have bad eyesight

A

immature cone cells in fovea, spaces 4x apart, catches only 2% of light

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33
Q

is smooth pursuit eye movement experienced-based or maturity-based

A

maturity

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34
Q

is perceptual constancy developed later?

A

no, early in infants

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35
Q

what does common motion do and when is it developed

A

suggests object segregation, 2 months

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36
Q

are infants out-of-sight, out-of-mind?

A

no, even size perception is there

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37
Q

how do we study optical expansion in infants? and is it maturity or experience

A

timing their blinks, maturity

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38
Q

stereopsis

A

brain calculates diff of image between two retinas to determine distance (more-closer, less-further)

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39
Q

monocular/pictorial cues in infants study explanation

A

object with illusion that one end is closer is presented, infant has one eye covered, will still grab the “closer” end

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40
Q

why are infants worst at auditory localization

A

smaller heads, lack of multimodal experience

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41
Q

infants prefer consonant intervals over ___ intervals, even without ____ experience

A

dissonant, musical

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42
Q

do the results of the singular changed note in a key mean that infants are more musically attuned?

A

no, just less experience

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43
Q

is prenatal nutrition or breastmilk more important to taste preference?

A

prenatal nutrition

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44
Q

McGurk effect in infants

A

plays ba, sees ga, hears da

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44
Q

list the reflexes infants have

A

moro, stepping, grasping, rooting, tonic neck, swallowing and sucking

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44
Q

how are affordances and the stepping reflex related?

A

the weight of the infant’s body affording (or not affording) stepping

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45
Q

why do infants change modes of self-locomotion

A

adaptive response to needs of environment

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46
Q

how to scale errors occur and what are they?

A

media, grasp, scale errors; difficulty integrating perceptual information

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47
Q

what is piaget’s fundamental assumption about children?

A

mentally and physically active from birth, contributing to development

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48
Q

piaget’s constructionism def

A

children construct knowledge for themselves in response to experiences

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49
Q

assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium def

A

incorporate into known knowledge, reshaping known knowledge, balancing previous for stable knowledge

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50
Q

4 central properties of piaget’s theory

A

qualitative change, broad applicability, brief transition, invariant sequence

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51
Q

4 stages of piaget’s theory

A

sensorimotor, preoperation, concrete operational, formal operational

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52
Q

sensorimotor stage’s features

A

object permanance, a-not-b error to deferred imitation

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53
Q

preoperational stage’s features

A

symbolic representations, egocentrism and centration (including conservation)

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54
Q

piaget’s theory’s weaknesses

A

understates social contributions, underestimates children, vague mechanisms, assumes children’s thinking as more constant than it is

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55
Q

two characteristics of information-processing theories

A

task analysis, emphasis on thinking process over time

56
Q

are information-processing theorists continuous or discontinuous?

A

continuous

56
Q

basic processes examples

A

generalizing, associating, encoding, recalling, recognizing

56
Q

two biological features that increase processing speed

A

myelination and connectivity

57
Q

overlapping waves theory

A

children try different problem-solving strategies that change and overlap over time

57
Q

perceptual categorization

A

categorization based on physical attributes/appearance

57
Q

how do you test perceptual categorization in infants?

A

showing several animals, asking which are similar

57
Q

what feature of categorization do children rely on the most

A

shape

57
Q

three levels of category hierarchies?

A

basic, subordinate, superordinate

57
Q

does a general understanding of gravity, inertia, etc. exist at the first few months? how do we know

A

yes, look longer at impossible stacks

58
Q

how does cause-and-effect relationships influence learning?

A

improves memory of lesson

59
Q

three concepts of naive psych?

A
60
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

understanding of how belief, motives, intention, etc. work together to influence behavior

61
Q

by three years old, do children fall for false belief problems? what influences the results?

A

typically fall for it, unless scaffolded

62
Q

what is TOMM and why is ASD related?

A

ASD used as evidence for existence of TOMM

63
Q

empiricists and nativists disagree on development of theory of mind how?

A

empiricists say experience of siblings/peers contribute, nativists say TOMM

64
Q

what do boys and only children have more in common?

A

pretend play at later ages

65
Q

pretend play’s influence on social skills, causal?

A

correlational so far, improves

66
Q

what is an example of a child’s belief in essentialism?

A

there is innate thing that is “essential” to the thing’s category

67
Q

g stands for?

A

general intelligence

68
Q

what evidence supports the idea of g?

A

positive relationships between physiology, ability, and other test scores

69
Q

where is fluid intelligence most active in in the brain/

A

prefrontal cortex

70
Q

timeline of fluid vs. crystallized intelligence

A

fluid peaks at 20 and goes down, crystal increases over time

71
Q

seven primary mental abilities

A

word fluency, verbal meaning, reasoning, spatial, numbering, rote memory, processing speed

72
Q

three main themes of theories of intelligence

A

fluid vs crystallized, seven primary abilities, multiple processes

73
Q

three-stratum theory of intelligence

A

g->seven+primary/crystal->multiple processes

74
Q

most widely used intelligence test for children 6+ years old?

A

WISC-V

75
Q

what themes of intelligence does the WISC-V measure?

A

three-stratum theory and five general capabilities (verbal, spatial, working memory, processing speed, fluid reasoning)

76
Q

what trait may be the most stably correlated over time?

A

IQ

77
Q

what is the most strongly correlated factor to a child’s financial success?

A

IQ

78
Q

do IQ tests measure only “intelligence”?

A

no, also motivation to succeed

79
Q

why do related people show more similar IQ scores later in life?

A

genetic influences coming into play after or around puberty

80
Q

passive vs evocative vs active effects

A

match between parent and child, parent responds to child accordingly, child takes charge

81
Q

why was HOME invented?

A

to address differences in environment within the same household/environment

82
Q

how are IQ and HOME scores correlated?

A

positively

83
Q

in relation to school’s impact on IQ, what differences exist between low-SES and high-SES children?

A

summers/breaks show constancy or decrease in low, and increase in high

84
Q

critiques of the flynn effect

A

increases only in underserved populations, shifts in educational values, new experiences w/ tech, improved quality of life

85
Q

what did the sameroff study find about IQ stability?

A

positive correlation between amount of risk in environment and IQ score

86
Q

units of language

A

phenomes, morphemes, syntax, pragmatics

87
Q

language is universal, but species ___

A

specific

88
Q

what side of the brain deals with language, spoken or not?

A

left hemisphere typically

89
Q

characteristics of infant-directed speech

A

pitch variability, slow speed, word repetition, and questions

90
Q

prosody

A

language’s rhythmic and intonation patterns

91
Q

what kind of perception of language causes us to hear /b/ and /p/ differently?

A

categorical perception, VOT

92
Q

do infants learn language best alone? how do we know?

A

live interactions or with peers best

93
Q

when does word segmentation begin?

A

second half of first year

94
Q

intersubjectivity def

A

mutual understanding, foundation of joint attention

95
Q

whole-object assumption

A

assumption that novel word refers to entirety of novel object

96
Q

pragmatic cues

A

context clues

97
Q

universal grammar

A

nativist theory of a hard-wired set of rules for language

98
Q

what is an influential approach in computational language development models?

A

connectionism

99
Q

what do connectionists believe (computational language development)

A

simultaneous activity and interconnectedness of many processing units

100
Q

primary intersubjectivity

A

interaction in which each participant focuses on emotional expressions of the other

101
Q

secondary intersubjectivity

A

mutual awareness of environment between child and participant

102
Q

syllable babbling vs gibberish babbling

A

singular, varied

103
Q

telegraphic speech

A

speech containing only the most important words

104
Q

how did bowlby’s view of infants differ from psychoanalytic view?

A

competent and self motivated, as opposed to needy

105
Q

attachment helps children with ____, or managing their emotions

A

coregulation

106
Q

parental sensitivity (to do w/ attachment styles)

A

caregiving that involves responsiveness and expressions of warmth

107
Q

is attachment genetic?

A

no evidence for heritability, but evidence for epigenetic influence

108
Q

differential susceptibility in attachment def

A

your genes may predispose you to fare worse off if you are in an environment that causes insecure attachment

109
Q

functionalist perspective

A

experiencing emotions serves a function between you and environment

110
Q

when do toddlers start self regulating emotions

A

5 months

111
Q

why do children transition from self-comforting to self-distracting behaviors?

A

neurological changes in managing attention and parental guidance to do so

112
Q

rothbart’s five dimensions of temperament

A

anger, fear, laughter, attention, and activity

113
Q

what kind of gene-environment correlation occured in twin studies researching the heriditary effect of temperament in development? and why?

A

passive, because genetics played role and also caused the environmental influence

114
Q

dramatic rise in children raised in single-parent family structures is attributed to what?

A

increasing birthrate among single women

115
Q

did teen-tot program outcome studies find benefits among teen parents and their children?

A

no

116
Q

second-parent adoption

A

non-biological partner adopting child of biological partner

117
Q

research shows _____ difference in parenting outcomes between same-sex and different-sex parents

A

no

118
Q

true or false: children of divorce tend to recover from psychological trauma and show more or less the same behaviors as non-divorced children as adults

A

false

119
Q

what can prevent harm for children during divorce?

A

high levels of warmth from both parents, divorce when marriage was strained, not having to “pick sides”

120
Q

true or false: stepmothers tend to have more strained relationships with stepchildren than stepfathers

A

true

121
Q

discipline

A

strategies and behaviors used to teach children to behave a certain way

122
Q

internalization

A

when discipline is applied to future behavior

123
Q

other-oriented induction improves _____

A

internalization

124
Q

why is punishment usually ineffective in discipline?

A

too much psychological pressure prevents internalization, child only does behavior when parent is not around

125
Q

true or false: the negative effects of spanking are limited to more western cultures

A

false

126
Q

two dimensions of parenting style

A

warmth and responsiveness; demand and control

127
Q

four parenting styles

A

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

128
Q

children who are more differentially susceptible to parenting style typically that what gene allele?

A

SLC6a4 (serotonin transporter)

129
Q

coercive cycle

A

negative response from children causes negative response from parents and escalates cycle

130
Q

is the older-to-younger sibling behavior and the younger-to-older sibling behavior relationship bidirectional?

A

no, only older to younger influences behavior of younger

131
Q
A

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