PS102 2nd Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The citizens who reside in the district from which an official is elected

A

Constituency

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2
Q

Legislators who vote according to the preferences of their constituents.

A

Delegates

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3
Q

Legislators who vote according to what they think is best for their constituents.

A

Trustees

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4
Q

A current officeholder

A

Incumbent

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5
Q

A meeting of a political or legislative group, normally closed to nonmembers, to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions about legislative matters

A

Caucus

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6
Q

Appropriations that members of Congress use to provide government funds for projects benefiting their home district or state.

A

Pork-barrel legislation

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7
Q

A tactic in which members of the Senate prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority abandons the legislation. Once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and a cloture vote by three-fifths of the Senate is required to end a filibuster.

A

Filibuster

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8
Q

A procedure by which three-fifths of the members of the Senate can set a time limit on the debate over a given bill.

A

Cloture

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9
Q

The process of charging a government official (president or other) with “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors and bringing that official before Congress to determine guilt.

A

Impeachment

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10
Q

A rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect of the law

A

Executive order

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11
Q

The heads of the major departments of the federal government

A

Cabinet

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12
Q

The complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that large institutions use to coordinate the work of their personnel.

A

Bureaucracy

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13
Q

A department or bureau of government whose mission is to promote, serve, or represent a particular interest.

A

Clientele agencies

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14
Q

A department, bureau, or independent agency’s primary mission is to make rules governing a particular type of activity.

A

Regulatory agencies

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15
Q

A tax or spending policy that changes income distribution usually creates greater equality between the rich and the poor in a society.

A

Redistribution

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16
Q

The policy of delegating a program or passing it down from one level of government to a lower level, such as from the national government to state and local governments.

A

Devolution

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17
Q

A governmental policy aimed at improving economic performance and outcomes.

A

Economic policy

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18
Q

A situation in which a single firm dominates a market, controlling the supply of a particular good or service; the absence of competition.

A

Monopoly

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19
Q

A good that, first, may be enjoyed by anyone if it is provided and, second, may not be denied to anyone once it has been provided. Also called collective good.

A

Public goods

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20
Q

A consistent increase in the general level of prices.

A

Inflation

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21
Q

Regulation of the economy through manipulation of the supply of money, the price of money (interest rates), and the availability of credit.

A

Monetary policy

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22
Q

The system of 12 Federal Reserve banks that facilitates exchanges of cash, checks, and credit; regulates member banks; and uses monetary policy to fight inflation and deflation in the United States

A

Federal Reserve system

23
Q

Regulation of the economy through taxing and spending powers.

A

Fiscal policy

24
Q

A tax in which the proportion of income paid increases as income increases. Also called graduated tax.

A

Progressive tax

25
A tax that is applied uniformly, such that people in low-income brackets pay a higher proportion of their income toward the tax than do people in high-income brackets.
Regressive taxes
26
The power of the courts to determine whether the actions of the president, Congress, and state legislatures are consistent with the Constitution.
Judicial review
27
Cases arising out of actions that allegedly violate laws protecting the health, safety, and morals of the community.
Criminal law
28
Cases involving disputes among individuals or between the government and individuals that do not involve criminal penalties.
Civil law
29
Cases involving the powers of government or rights of citizens.
Public law
30
Past cases whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decisions in present cases
Precedents
31
The requirement that citizens be treated according to the law and be provided adequate protection for individual rights.
Due process
32
A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. _____ _____ is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion.
Writs of habeas corpus
33
A formal request to have the Supreme Court review a decision of a lower court.
Writs of certiorari
34
The stage in Supreme Court proceedings in which attorneys for both sides appear before the Court to present their positions and answer questions posed by the justices
Oral arguments
35
A decision written by a justice who voted with the minority opinion in a particular case, in which the justice fully explain the reasoning behind his or her opinion.
Dissenting opinions
36
The judicial philpsp[hy that the Supreme Court should refuse to go beyond the text of the Constitution in interpreting its meaning.
Judicial restraint
37
The judicial philosophy that the Supreme Court should see beyond the text of the Constitution or a statute to consider the broader societal implications of its decisions.
judicial activism
38
Establish the federal court system. Punish pirates and other committing illegal acts on the high seas. Declare war (most important foreign policy power) Raise and regulate an army and a navy. Call up and regulate the state militias to enforce laws, to suppress insurrections, and to repel invasions.
Power of Congress
39
As outlined in the Constitution , the House represents citizens based on district populations, while the Senate represents citizens on an equal state basis.
Differences between House and Senate
40
Established by Article I of the Constitution, the Legislative Branch consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate, which together form the United States Congress.
Organization of Congress
41
Depending on which party is in power, one party leader serves as majority leader and the other as minority leader. Both party leaders, also called floor leaders, serve as the spokesperson for their party's positions on the issues and coordinate their respective legislative strategies.
Congressional Leadership
42
a pivotal committee in the U.S. House of Representatives that establishes the rules for debate on bills and resolutions, determining how and when legislation will be considered.
House Rules Committee
43
Powers expressly granted to the president under Article II of the Constitution. Examples include making treaties, commanding the military, appointing Supreme Court justices, and vetoing legislation. informal powers.
Presidential powers
44
The presidential power to postpone the execution of a sentence imposed by a court of law; usually done for humanitarian reasons or to await new evidence.
Reprieves
45
A power granted to the President of the United States that allows them to forgive or lessen the penalties for federal crimes.
Pardons
46
A general pardon for an offense against a government; in general, any act of forgiveness or absolution. Appointment. (law) the act of disposing of property by virtue of the power of appointment.
Amnesty
47
Comprises the policy-making relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy, and interest groups
Iron Triangles
48
The dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country's national borders in a year.
GDP
49
Occurs when government expenditures exceed its revenues in a given period, leading to borrowing to cover the shortfall
Budget deficit
50
Total amount of money the federal government owes, which includes that spent + interest. Social Security Act.
National debt
51
all spending that does not take place through appropriations legislation. Includes entitlement programs, such as Social Security, Medicare, and required interest spending on the federal debt.
Mandatory spending
52
The judicial branch of the United States government responsible for interpreting federal laws, resolving disputes involving federal law, and ensuring justice at the national level.
Federal courts
53
The legal principle that courts should follow precedents set by earlier, similar cases, in order to maintain consistency and predictability in the law.
Stare decisis
54