History Final Flashcards
1
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Qing Religious Practice
A
- Daoism: Follow the Dao (way or path), talks about balance and simplicity, guided by “reality underlying nature.”
- Most people in the Han Dynasty were Buddhist
- Four noble truths: life is pain, desire leads to suffering, people can not desire, eight-fold path
2
Q
The Canton Trade System
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- Tightly regulated on Chinese terms
- Restricted access/Restricted interactions
- Remote- isolate trade in the south away from Beijing. Then the trade comes to the south and then is distributed to the rest of china (to the north). If you wanted to trade it had to be done in Canton.
3
Q
Zeng Guofan
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- Lead the Xiang Army
- Jinshi (Passed the palace exam) at 27
- He had connections to the Qing
- Local/Provincial power: Hunan, Xiang Army
4
Q
The Taiping War
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- Decline in Qing Power: Ethnic tension, opium, imperialism
- Influx of Western ideas: Christianity
- Social pressure: Population growth, natural disasters, criminality, popular unrest
5
Q
Heavenly kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping Tianguo)
A
- Religious movement lead by Hong Xiuquan
- Sought to overthrow the Qing Dynasty
- The capital was in Tianjing
- Believed people should live equally, so they redistricted land based on family size. Every family got what they needed.
- They had Christian ideals that blended in with Chinese beliefs but got rid of Confucian ideas like worshiping.
6
Q
God Worshipping Society
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- Feng Yunshan: Cousins with Hong Xiuquan
- Thistle Mountain: Where they can live and grow a movement
- Feng Yunshan was the strategist of the movement, so he stayed on Thistle Mountain while Hong Ziuquan went out and told people he was the younger brother of Christ.
7
Q
Hong Xiuquan
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- He was the only one educated in his family
- He failed the exam 4 times, and during the times he was taking/studying for the exams, he had Christan-inspired visions
- leader of the rebellion, and he was reclusive and micro-managed everything, he was also paranoid and secretive
8
Q
Emperor Qianlong
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- Believed that the British are barbarians and the Chinese were the center of society
- He had the Canton trade system that isolated trade to the South and had tight regulations
- The 13 factories and it must go through Hong families
9
Q
Commissioner Lin Zexu
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- 1839: Arrives in Canton
- He had good ethics and asked the queen why it was okay for the British to sell this addiction to China when they don’t even allow it in Britain
- Lin Zexu destroyed 3 million pounds of opium and the British want the money back which led to the first opium war.
10
Q
Treaty of Nanjing
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- Unequal treaty favored the British
- Indemnity (20 million): Had to pay back the cost of the war to the victor, so the Chinese had to pay the British
- End of the “Canton System”
- Extraterritoriality: British are not beholden to the Chinese Law, British people must be sent back to Britain to be tried for crime
- Most favored nation: Automatically get the same or better terms in new treaties
11
Q
Hakka
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- Southern China
- Discrimination, “Guest peoples,” Land + Labor
- The Hakka were faithful to the God Worshipping Society and were already militarized
- Hong Xiuquan was Hakka
12
Q
Land Policy of the Taiping
A
- The Taiping commandments that resembled the 10 commandments in Christianity
- Everything goes into a communal pod to help your community
- You get land based on the size of your family
- No more queue hairstyle
- Marriage is very sacred
- Banned sexual relations even if married
- Banned opium, alcohol, smoking tobacco, and gambling (expect death of you get caught)
- Got rid of the civil service exam of Confucianism and instead study Christianity
13
Q
Tianjin Incident (1856)
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- East (yang) vs Hong
- North (Wei) and South (Qin) vs Yang
- North and South vs Wing (Shi)
- Hong vs North and South
- Aftermath: Hong and Shi Dakai head west, isolated in/around Nanjing
14
Q
Opium War (1839-42)
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- 30 million Chinese were addicted to opium
- The Qing Government could never control the opium
- Officials help spread it for their own gain
- This caused tensions to rise between the Chinese and British governments
- Lin Zexu destroyed 3 million pounds of opium and the British want the money back which led to the first opium war.
15
Q
Macartney’s Mission to China (1793)
A
- Wanted less regulation on trade
- Went to China to “Celebrate Qianlong’s 80th Birthday”
- Wanted facilities for their ships, a permanent place for the merchants to stay, and a representative of the British crown in Beijing.
16
Q
Foot-binding/Concubinage
A
- Footbinding was a custom that women followed
- Since woman had binded feet, they were restrained to their house and their work would be creating handmade textiles
- Concubinage is when a woman is a sexual partner and has children with a man, but was not married to him
- Both of these were abolished by the Taiping
17
Q
Tianjing
A
- The Taiping Capital and symbol of Heavenly Rule, where the Taiping would create a society based on their interpretation of Christian teachings, moral reform, and equality
- Ideal society: Land redistribution and implemented communal living. Aimed to eliminate traditional Chinese hierarchies and establish a new moral and political order
- Serving both as a military stronghold and the seat of the Taiping government.
18
Q
Liang Fa, Good Words to Exhord the Age
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- He advocated for personal and moral improvement and spiritual renewal. Abandon sinful behavior and embrace Christian teachings
- Rejects traditional Chinese religious practices, such as ancestor worship and idol worship
- He believes in salvation through Jesus Christ. He stresses that only through repentance and belief in Christ can individuals be saved from eternal punishment
19
Q
Christianity in China
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- The leader of the Taiping Rebellion, Hong Xiuquan, blended Christian ideals with traditional Chinese beliefs. He considered himself the younger brother of Christ and framed the Taiping rebellion as a mission to establish a new heavenly kingdom on Earth
- Christianity was used as the foundation for Taiping’s social and political reforms, promoted equality, redistribution of land, and the abolition of the traditional Chinese social hierarchy.
- Fighting a holy war: The Taiping saw themselves as carrying out God’s will to overthrow the Qing Dynasty
20
Q
Qian Yong, “Going Out For a Gathering”
A
-Talks about gatherings during the Qing Dynasty
-Talks about Confucian ideals during a gathering
- Talks about how mean always try to one-up each other
21
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22
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Lord Macartney’s “Macartney’s Description of China’s Government
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- Talks about how Confucian principles underly the government
- He says that the government system is corrupt and it will hinder China’s ability to progress
- Shows European perspectives on China during the Qing Dynasty
23
Q
Emperor Qianlong’s “Rejection of Macartney’s Demands
A
- Rejects British request to expand trade privileges and establish British in Beijing
- Says that China is self-sufficient and does not even need to trade, so it has no need for foreign allies
- This reading reflects how the Qing Dynasty and Qianlong view the British and how they viewed their dynasty being the best
24
Q
Xu Naigi’s “Memorial on Legalizing Opium”
A
- Xu Naiji argues that China should legalize opium
- Legalizing opium would allow the government to be able to tax and regulate the drug
- sats that prohibition has proven not to work and encouraged smuggling and corruption
25
Lord Palmerston's "Despatch to the minister of the Emperor of China"
- Britain's justification for declaring war on China and marking the spot for the first opium war
- Palmerston criticizes the Qing Government for their harsh treatment of British merchants, including confiscating opium and restrictions on trade
- He says the Qing Government is violating international law and British rights that is protecting commerce and national honor
26
"The Gospel Jointly Heard and Witnessed by the Imperial Eldest and Second Eldest Brothers"
- The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's interpretation of Chrisitan ideas and how the leaders used them to guide their revolution
- The document talks about how they want to change China by combining Christian teachings with Chinese traditions
- Talks about moral reform, rejecting idol worship, and creating a new heavenly kingdom on Earth
27
"The Taiping Imperial Declaration"
- The leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, particularly Hong Xiuquan, declared their intent to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a new Christian-based government in China
- Outlines the Taiping's vision of a heavenly kingdom, emphasizing moral reform, the rejection of traditional Chinese practices such as idol worship, and the creation of a new society
- Calls to the people to unite against the corrupt Qing rulers, promising a new era of peace and prosperity under the guidance of God
28
"The Land System of the Taiping"
- Outlines the economic and land distribution policies of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
- The system aimed to create a fairer society by redistributing land and wealth
- Land will be collectively owned by the state and distributed equally among the people, with the government acting as the central authority in managing resources
- The Taiping wanted to get rid of all private land ownership, aiming to eliminate social inequality
29
Hong Xiuquan's "Proclamation Denouncing Corrupt Officials"
- Hong Condemns officials for their greed, oppression, and failure to govern justly, which he believes has led to the widespread suffering among the people
- He calls for moral and political reform to restore order and uses his criticism to defend and bring up the Taiping mission of overthrowing the corrupt Qing rule and establishing a new right government
- This shows the Taiping's mission of eliminating corruption and creating a just society
30
Shi Dakai, Yang Xiuqing, and Wei Changhui "A Memorial Charging Several Persons with the Smoking of Opium in Nanking"
- The leaders Shi Dakai, Yang Xiuqing, and Wei Changhui express their disapproval of people who are involved in the illegal use and trade of opium in Nanjing
- Highlights the harmful effects of opium on society, particularly its destructive influence on the moral and physical health of the people
- It follows the Taiping's leadership commitment to eradicating opium use as part of their broader effort to create a just and moral society
31
Zhang Daye, The World of a Tiny Insect: A memoir of the Taiping Rebellion and its Aftermath
- Zhang Provides a personal account of the devastation caused by the rebellion, recounting the turmoil and battles. and the impact on ordinary people
- He talks about his involvement in events and describes the intense internal conflicts within the Taiping forces, including leadership struggles and the challenges of maintaining unity
- Zhang also talks about the aftermath of the rebellion, including the suffering of the people and the long-lasting consequences for the Chinese society and government
32
"Observations by AF Lindley" from Western Reports on the Taiping
- Lindley talks about the leadership of Hong Xiuquan and Taiping's religious ideology which combined Christianity with traditional Chinese beliefs
- Explains how the Taiping tried to create a new society by redistributing land and promoting equality
- He talks about the Taiping's military tactics, the problems they faced inside their movement, and how the rebellion failed
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