Pruning Flashcards
Plant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone gibberellin, which among other things regulates cell elongation
Anti-gibberellin
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot
Apical bud
Inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down by a apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form
Apical control
Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season
Apical dominance
When working near electric utilities minimum distances that must be maintained between conductors and other energized equipment and qualified line clearance personnel, or persons other than line clearance personnel, and their bodies are tools. Approach distance is very with qualifications of personnel and with voltages.
Approach distances
Cutting away torn or injured bark to leave a cleanly cut edge
Bark tracing
Chemical and anatomical barrier formed by the cambium in response to wounding inhibits the spread of decay into xylem tissue formed after the time of wounding wall four in the CODIT model
Barrier zone
Best available industry recognized courses of action in consideration of the benefits and limitations based on scientific research and current knowledge and standards
Best management practices BMP’s
Secondary shoot or stem in a woody plant
Branch
Angle between a branch and stem or parent branch
Branch angle
Raised strip of bark at the bottom of a branch union where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem in adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge
Branch bark Ridge
Swollen area where a branch joins the trunk or another branch that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch in the trunk
Branch collar
Chemically and physically modified tissue within the trunk or parent branch at the base of a smaller subordinate branch that retards the spread of discoloration and decay from the subordinate branch into the trunk or parent branch
Branch protection zone
Natural gradual reduction in the diameter of a branch from its point of origin to the tip
Branch taper
Thin layers of maristemstic cells that give rise outward to the phloem inward to the xylem which results in secondary growth or increasing diameter of stems and roots
Cambium
Main stem of a tree, particularly of an excurrent specimen, a dominant leader
Central leader
Sharp device is strapped to a climbers lower legs to assist in climbing poles or trees that are being removed also called spikes, gaffs, hooks or climbers
Climbing spurs
Forked branches of nearly the same diameter arising from a common union and lacking a branch collar may have included bark
Codominant branches/stems
Cut made just beyond the branch collar without leaving a stub or damaging trunk tissue
Collar cut
Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms
Compartmentalization
Cone bearing tree or other plant that has it seeds in a structure called a cone
Conifer
Silvercultural technique in which trees are cut at the ground and allowed the sprout from the stumps used to produce biomass fuel, wood or poles of a particular specification
Coppicing
Upper part of a tree consisting of the branches and foliage it’s length is measured from the lowest branch to the top of the tree
Crown
Stem of grass or sedge, including the woody, hollow, aerial stem of bamboo
Culm
- The process of decomposition 2. the process of degradation by microorganisms
Decay
Rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown
Decurrent
Selective removal of branches to guide and or discouraged growth in a particular direction
Directional pruning
Stem of a tree that grows larger than all other stems and branches
Dominant leader
Period of reduced physiological activation in a plant with the potential for reactivation of growth
Dormancy
Branch removal technique, consisting of an undercut, and then a top cut usually made farther out on the branch or with a chainsaw directly over the undercut
Drop cut
- Pruning system that develops a plant in a plane, such as along a wall or a fence. 2. Plant trained in that matter. 3. To train plants in that manner.
Espalier
Pattern of tree, branching, characterized by a dominant leader and an upright or pyramidical cone shaped crown
Excurrent
Pruning cut made through and/or removing the branch collar, causing unnecessary injury to the trunk or parent stem
Flush cut
Large divided leaf structure, found in palms and fern
Frond
Tool used for pruning twigs and small branches less than .5 inches diameter
Hand pruning shears
Pruning cut that removes a branch or a stem between nodes, leaving a stub to a bud or to a live branch that is less than 1/3 the diameter of the stem being removed
Heading cut
A non-motorized scissor leg tool used to trim or sheer hedges
Hedge shears
A handheld motorized tool with mini cutting teeth used to sheer hedges
Hedge trimmer
Bark it becomes embedded in the union between branch and trunk or between codominant, stems, lack wood connections, resulting in a weak structure
Included bark
Region of the stem between two successive nodes
Internode
Space created by a saw cut, which is the width of the chain or
Kerf
Secondary or subordinate branch or route
Lateral
Vegetative bud on the side of a stem
Lateral bud
Primary terminal shoot or trunk of a tree, large usually upright, stem, stem that dominates a portion of the crown by suppressing lateral branches
Leader
Pruning trimming repairing maintaining, removing treating or clearing of trees or the cutting of brush that is within the minimum approach, distance of electric supply lines and equipment, vegetative management work performed by qualified line clearance, arborist, or qualified line clearance, arborist trainees for the construction or maintenance of electric supply lines and or the electric Utility right of Way corridor
Line clearance
Poor pruning practice in which an excessive number of branches are removed from the inside and lower part of specific branches or a tree crown, leaving mostly terminal foliage, resulting in poor branch, taper, poor wind, low distribution, and a higher risk of branch failure
Lion tailing
Ratio of the height of the tree crown containing live foliage to the overall height of the tree
Live crown ratio
Maximum height that a plant is likely to reach under favorable growing conditions
Mature height
Pruning with heavy equipment fitted with saws, and other cutting devices
Mechanical pruning
Point of a stem from which leaves branches and aerial roots are attached
Node
Monocotyledonous plant in the family Arecaceae, usually with an unbranched trunk. Its leaves are arranged around the terminal bud and the vascular bundles are scattered.
Palm
Larger branch or stem from which a smaller lateral branch arises
Parent branch
- Removal of dead fraud bases without damaging living trunk tissue 2. Result of a poor pruning cut that allows the bark to tear below the branch attachment.
Peeling
In pruning branches that will be left in place for the life of the tree, often forming the initial scaffold framework of a tree
Permanent branches
Pruning system that trains, one or more plants to achieve a desired shape or form through a combination of pruning and interweaving or tying small branches to one another or to a preformed frame
Pleaching
Knob of wound wood that develops on the end of a Pollarded stem from which shoots emerge
Pollard head
Semiformal pruning system that maintains crown size by initial heading of the branches on young trees or young portions of older trees, followed by removal of sprouts to their point of origin at appropriate intervals without disturbing the resulting polar heads
Pollarding
Removing branches or occasionally roots from a tree or other plants using approved practices to achieve a specific object
Pruning
Time schedule for pruning events in utility arboriculture. It is the time between prunings that is established to provide reasonable clearance.
Pruning cycle
Handsaw designed for pruning trees, generally with a bow blade and teeth oriented for cutting on the pull stroke
Pruning saw
Selective pruning of lower branches to provide vertical clearance
Raising
Natural boundary formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from the existing healthy wood important in the process of compartmentalization
Reaction zone
Pruning to decrease height and or spread of a branch or crown
Reduction
Pruning cut that removes the larger of two or more branches or stems or one or more codominant stems to a live lateral branch, typically at at least 1/3 diameter of the stem or branch being removed
Reduction cut
Removal of overmature, dead or dying stems of a shrub near the ground to stimulate a new stem development
Rejuvenation
Cut that removes a branch at its point of origin. a collar cut
Removal cut
Pruning to improve the structure form and appearance of trees that have been vandalized, damaged or improperly trimmed
Restoration
Process of risk, identification, analysis, and evaluation
Risk assessment
Severing roots selectively
Root pruning
Single blade blade or multiple blade arrangement that rotates the cut or shred vegetation
Rotary cutting head
Pertaining to tree architecture or form a strong and properly spaced arrangement, framework or system of branches throughout them
Scaffold
Hook and blade or scissor type hand pruning tool intended for cutting single small diameter stems also called pruning shears, bypass, pruners, or hand pruner
Secateurs
Cutting leaves shoots and branches to a desired plane, shape or form using tools designed for that purpose, as with topiary
Shearing
New stem or branch growth on a plant
Shoot
Dead or dying palm fronds gathered down the stem of a palm, which may be removed for aesthetics or safety reasons
Skirt
Detailed plans requirements and statements of particular procedures and or standards used to define and guide work
Specifications
Woody structure, bearing foliage and buds that gives rise to other stems
Stem
Pruning to influence the orientation, spacing growth, rate, strength of attachment and ultimate size of branches and stems
Structural pruning
Portion of a branch or stem remaining after a heading or stub, cut branch, breakage or branch death
Stub
Improper pruning cuts, made too far outside the branch bark Ridge or branch collar that leave branch tissue attached to the stem
Stub cuts
Prune to reduce the size and ensuing growth of a branch and relation to other branches or leaders
Subordinate
Vigorous upright mic shoots that arises from the latent buds below soil level or the graft union
Sucker
Branches generally lower branches that are left in place or subordinated, but will be removed later
Temporary branches
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot. Apical bud
Terminal bud
Selective removal of live branches to reduce density of branches and foliage
Thinning
A formal pruning system that uses a combination of pruning supporting and training branches to orient a plant into a desired shape. Hedging is a subset of topiary.
Topiary
Reduction of tree size by cutting live branches and leaders to stubs without regard to long-term tree health or structural integrity
Topping
Selective pruning to enable a view from a predetermined point
Vista pruning
Upright, epicormic shoot arising from the trunk or branches of a plant above the root graft or soil line incorrectly called a sucker
Watersprout
Animals living in a natural and domesticated state
Wildlife
Compound applied to tree wounds of pruning cut
Wound dressing
Lignified, differentiated tissue produced on woody plants as a response to wounding
Woundwood
