Biotic Disorders Flashcards
One of a number of separate plants of certain obligate, pathogens, i.e. rust fungi, or insects, e.g. adelgids, on which successive life stages develop
Alternate host
Disease caused by a fungus, that induces expanding, spreading necrosis of leaves and succulent, shoots and produces asexual spores in small blister like fruiting bodies called acervuli
Anthracnose
One of a large group of invertebrates with joined appendages, segmented, bodies and exoskeletons, e.g. insects, mites, and spiders
Anthropod
Minute, usually single-celled organisms having a cell wall, but no organized nucleus and reproducing by fission. Some species are plant pathogens.
Bacteria
Insect of order Coleoptera that feeds and reproduce in galleries produced in the inner bark and bark sapwood interface of trees
Bark beetle
Pertaining to living organisms
Biotic
Disorder caused by a living organism
Biotic disorder
Any disease or disorder, regardless of the casual agent that rapidly kills flowers, leaves or young stems that are than typically retained i.e. not shed by the plant
Blight
Irregularly shaped necrotic area on leaf stem or fruit
Blotch
Any of several insects that tunnel into wood, potentially causing severe damage, usually the larvae of certain moths and beetles
Borer
Discrete localized usually necrotic area on stems roots and branches, often sunken and discolored most canker diseases require laboratory, isolation and microscopic examination to positively identify
Canker
Larvae of insects in the order of Lepidoptera
Caterpillar
Biotic or abiotic agent that induces a disease or disorder
Casual agent
Insect with mouthparts adapted for feeding by chewing e.g. beetles, caterpillars
Chewing insect
Whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll often caused by nutrient deficiency
Chlorosis
Disorder or disease occurring or recurring over a very long period of time typically multiple growing seasons
Chronic
Conceptual model explaining development of specific recognizable disorders, resulting from interaction of predisposing inciting and contributing factors that act in succession over a prolonged period of time resulting in progressive deterioration in tree health
Decline disease
Loss of leaves from a tree or other plant by biological chemical or mechanical means as opposed to natural shedding
Defoliation
Result of interaction over time of a pathogen or abiotic agent with a susceptible host in a conducive environment to interfere with one or more physiological functions or structures
Disease
Combination of factors involved in development of a disease
Disease complex
Conceptual model showing three factors required for plant disease, susceptible host, pathogen, or abiotic agent and a conducive environment
Disease triangle
Downward, twisting curling, or bending of a leaf blade or shoot that may result from disease or herbicide injury
Epinasty
Mites in the family Eriophyidae; typically smaller than other mites requiring higher magnification to see and often inducing development of leaf galls
Eriophyid mites
Fecal material and or wood, dust or shavings produced by insects
Frass
Reproductive structure of a fungus that usually develops in diseased tissues. The presence of certain species may indicate decay in a tree mini fruiting bodies are small and can only be seen with a hand lens and require microscopic examination to determine the species of fungus present.
Fruiting body
Heterotrophic parasitic or saprophytic absorptive organism from the kingdom, fungi, including yeast molds that form mushrooms, or cons the smuts and rusts, usually multicellular and filamentous fungi, lack the chlorophyll and vascular tissue of plants and reproduce asexually or sexually to form spores often born in various types of fruiting bodies
Fungus (plural fungi)
Abnormal plant structure that develops in the cells, tissues or organs of a plant only when it is colonized by certain parasitic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, mites, or insects
Gall
Complex of tunnels, created by insects in plant tissues for feeding reproduction and sheltering. The pattern created by galleries can sometimes be used for pest identification.
Galleries
Exudation of sap, gum, or resin often in response to disease or insect damage
Gummosis
An animal that feeds primarily on plants
Herbivore
Sugary substance excreted by certain insects, including aphids, and some scales when feeding on plants
Honeydew
Capable of being spread from plants to result in infection of other plants or organisms
Infectious
Presence of a pest population on a host plant or group of plants
Infestation
Part of a pathogen that may enter the host or germinate to produce a structure that enters the host to cause disease
Inoculum
Substances, man-made or naturally occurring in insects that affect growth and development of insects
Insect growth regulators
Stage of growth between molts of an immature insect (larva)
Instar
Immature life stage of an insect between the egg and the pupa stage
Larva (pl. larvae)
Type of insect with a larva stage that feeds between leaf surfaces
Leafminer
Local area of diseased or damaged tissue
Lesion
Series of stages that complete the life of an organism resulting in reproduction
Life cycle
One of multiple phases in the growth and development of an organism
Life stage
Small, sap sucking, scale-like insect coated with a white powdery wax
Mealybug
Biological transformation in the lifecycle of an organism going from an immature to an adult stage
Metamorphosis
A flowering green plant that penetrates and parasitize is the vascular system of a tree. Two distinct groups are the dwarf and the leafy mistletoes.
Mistletoe
A small often minute Arthropod in the class of Arachnida that may feed on plants, other mites or insects
Mite
In insects and other Anthropod part of the metamorphosis process in which the old cuticle of the exoskeleton is shed after a new cuticle is formed
Molting
Network or mass of filamentous cells (hyphae) that make up the vegetative body and fruiting bodies of a fungus
Mycelium
Localized or general death of cells or parts of a living organism
Necrosis
Small often, microscopic unsegmented roundworm. Many are beneficial organisms, but some feed on plant tissues to cause disease or spread viruses
Nematode
Immature form of an insect with incomplete development, resembling a smaller version of the adult without wings
Nymph
Laying of eggs by insects
Oviposition
Organism living in or on another living organism during its immature stage killing sterilizing and or consuming the host
Parasitoid
Casual agent of disease usually refers to microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, fungus, or virus
Pathogen
Organism, including weeds, insects, bacteria, or fungi that is damaging noxious or a nuisance
Pest
A biological stage of development of an organism that may be associated with other biological events, such as insect hatching or plant flowering
Phenological stage
Chemical substance produced by an animal, usually in reference to insects that serves as a method of communication with other individual individuals of the same species
Pheromone
Bacteria like phloem inhabiting microorganisms without a cell wall or organized nucleus that cause yellow diseases and plants
Phytoplasmas
Insect with mouth parts adapted for feeding by piercing soft tissues, and sucking fluid contents
Piercing/sucking insect
Tubular structures formed on the bark around insect entrance holes can be made of resin, boring dust, and/or frass, usually associated with conifers
Pitch tubes
Disease caused by fungi of the order Erysiphales that produce mycelium and conidia on leaves to form a white powdery or fuzzy appearing coating on the leaf surfaces
Powdery mildew
Transformative stage for insects with complete metamorphosis between the larval and adult stages; stage at which adult morphology is acquired
Pupa (pl. pupae)
Disease caused by fungi of the order Pucciniales and characterized by fruiting bodies that produce often bright yellow to orange or reddish brown spores on foliage, stems or fruits, and may induce formation of stem galls
Rust
A type of woodpecker that makes rows of holes, usually horizontal embark of trees
Sapsucker
Insect or other pest that frequently develops on a plant stressed and weakened by another factor
Secondary pest
Snake -like form associated with leaf mines and certain borer galleries
Serpentine
Physical evidence of a casual agent, e.g. insect eggs, borer hole, mycelium, fruiting body
Sign
Fungus that appears as a black coating on the surface of leaves, branches, fruits, and other surfaces, resulting from deposits of sugary excrement from aphids and scale insects
Sooty mold
Minute reproductive or propagative unit of a fungus which can be formed from asexual reproduction or sexual combination or cell division
Spore
Discrete localized, and usually small necrotic area of a leaf or needle, stem, flower or fruit
Spot
Speckled or dotted areas in which chlorophyll is absent on foliage
Stippling
A growth reduction of plants or plant parts
Stunting
Plant reaction to a disease or disorder e.g. spot, wilt, dieback
Symptom
Type of perennial canker, appearing as a series of concentric rings, each of which represents a year’s growth of the pathogen and tree response tissue around the colonized area
Target canker
Darkening of the xylem or phloem of woody plants in response to disease, insect boring or injury
Vascular discoloration
Disease caused by xylem colonizing pathogens that interfere with water transport in induce loss of turgor and rigidity of leaves or young stems
Vascular wilt
In pathology, biotic or abiotic agent that transmits a pathogen
Vector
Any animal with a backbone. mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, or amphibians
Vertebrate
Ultramicroscopic nonliving infectious agent that can replicate only in living cells of other organisms. Numerous viruses caused diverse symptoms of different tree parts.
Virus
Plant disorder, characterized by a shortening of the internodes and a proliferation of terminal shoots, forming a dense brush like massive twigs
Witch’s Broom
A group of plant diseases caused by phytoplasmas that often induce chlorosis and stunting or other morphological abnormalities
Yellows
