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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Leaf or fruit drop induced by hormonal changes

A

Abcission

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Area at the base of the petiole, small branch or flower where cellular breakdown leads to leaf flower or fruit drop

A

Abscission zone

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4
Q

Fine roots with functional root hairs that are responsible for the uptake of water and minerals

A

Absorbing roots

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5
Q

Taking up

A

Absorption

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6
Q

Arising peripherally from parts of the root or stem and having no connection to meristems or existing buds

A

Adventitious

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7
Q

The influence, usually detrimental of one plant on another by the release of chemical substances

A

Allelopathy

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Structure and composition of plants and other living organisms

A

Anatomy

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10
Q

Plant with seeds born in an ovary consists of two large groups, monocotykedons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants)

A

Angiosperm

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11
Q

Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of plants

A

Anthocyanin

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12
Q

Having to do with the tip of a leaf, stem, or root

A

Apical

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13
Q

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot

A

Apical bud

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14
Q

Inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down, by apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form

A

Apical control

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15
Q

Growing point in buds at the tips of shoots and roots

A

Apical meristem

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16
Q

Plant hormone that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants; produced at sites where cells are dividing primarily in the shoot tips, auxin-like compounds may be synthetically produced

A

Auxin

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17
Q

Movement of water, minerals, or Photosynthates longitudenally within a tree

A

Axial transport

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18
Q

Bud in the axil of a leaf; lateral bud

A

Axillary bud

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19
Q

Undifferentiated tissue formed by the cambium usually as the result of wounding

A

Callus

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20
Q

layer of meristematic cells that give rise outward to the phloem and inward to the xylem, which results in secondary growth of stems and roots

A

Cambium

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21
Q

Chemical compound, combining carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a proportion of C2HOCH20 that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis and derived from assimilates

A

Carbohydrate

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22
Q

Colorless, gas soluble in water used by green plants to make carbohydrate steering photosynthesis. CO2

A

Carbon dioxide

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23
Q

Yellow, orange, or red pigment often responsible for those colors and some parts of trees and other plants

A

Carotenoid

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24
Q

Long chain in soluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants

A

Cellulose

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25
Q

Specialized organelle found in some cells. site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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26
Q

Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms

A

Compartmentalization

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27
Q

Reaction wood in gymnosperms and some angiosperms that develops on the underside of branches or leaning trunks and is important in loadbearing

A

Compression Wood

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28
Q

Section perpendicular to the axis of longitudinal growth

A

Cross-section

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29
Q

Plant hormones involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes compounds with cytokinin-like activity may be synthetically produced

A

Cytokinins

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30
Q

The process of decomposition

A

Decay

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31
Q

Tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage annually

A

Deciduous

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32
Q

Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions

A

Differentiation

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33
Q

Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the growth ring

A

Diffuse porous

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34
Q

Bud originally developed in a leaf axil and connected to the pith by a bud trace that has not been stimulated to mature and grow some buds remain dormant throughout the life of the woody plant

A

Dormant bud

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35
Q

Shoot a rising from a dormant bud or from newly formed adventitious tissue

A

Epicormic shoot

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36
Q

Outer tissue of leaves, stems roots, flowers, and seeds

A

Epidermis

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37
Q

Minerals essential to the growth and development of trees. These minerals are essential because plants cannot complete their lifecycle without them.

A

Essential elements

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38
Q

Gaseous plant hormone that triggers fruit ripening and plant senescence

A

Ethylene

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39
Q

Group of plant hormones involved in cell elongation and other physiological processes

A

Gibberellins

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40
Q

Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross-section of the stem branches and roots of some trees in temperate zones. The rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings.

A

Growth rings

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41
Q

Pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomate due to a change in water pressure with cells

A

Guard cells

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42
Q

Plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones, the classes Ginkgopsisa and Coniferapsida are members of the group

A

Gymnosperm

43
Q

Central wood, in a branch or stem, characterized by being composed of dead cells, more resistance to decay, generally darker and harder than outer sap, wood trees may not have heartwood

44
Q

Region of the stem between two successive nodes

45
Q

Vegetative bud on the side of a stem

A

Lateral bud

46
Q

Small opening in the bar that permits the exchange of gases

47
Q

Process in which secondary cell walls are formed, making cell wall, sticker, and stronger by deposition of lignin

A

Lignification

48
Q

Organic substance that impregnates secondary cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell and at times to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage

49
Q

Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. found in the root tips, buds, cork cambium, and latent buds

50
Q

Symbiotic association between certain fungi and absorbing roots of plants

A

Mycorrhizae

51
Q

Point on a stem from which leaves branches and aerial roots are attached

52
Q

Diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential

53
Q

Thin-walled living cells, capable of dividing and essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage and production of defense compounds

A

Parenchyma cells

54
Q

Outer layers of tissue of woody, roots, and stems consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it such as bark

55
Q

The very outer portion of the bark that often exfoliates in plates or peels as it sheds from the tree

56
Q

The inner portion of the outer bark generated by the cork cambium that stores energy and may photosynthesize

A

Phelloderm

57
Q

Meristematic tissue located in the bark that generates the phelloderm on the inside and the phellem the outside; cork cambium

58
Q

Plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthesis and growth regulators situated on the inside of the bar just outside the cambium; its bidirectional

59
Q

Length of daylight and/or darkness required for certain developmental processes, and growth and plants

A

Photoperiod

60
Q

General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis

A

Photosynthate

61
Q

Process in green plants by which light energy is used to form glucose from water and carbon dioxide

A

Photosynthesis

62
Q

Influence of light on the direction of plant growth, tendencies of plants to grow toward light

A

Phototropism

63
Q

In arboriculture, the study of the life function of a tree

A

Physiology

64
Q

Plant pigment that is sensitive to certain wavelengths of light (specifically, red and far red) plays a role in plant responses to light

A

Phytochrome

65
Q

Central core of a stem, often a lighter color than surrounding tissue

66
Q

Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants; may be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic

A

Plant growth regulator

67
Q

Substance produced by a plant that in low concentrations affect physiological processes, such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substances point of origin

A

Plant hormone

68
Q

Root and stem growth and length; occurs in apical and lateral meristems

A

Primary growth

69
Q

Lateral movements of substances, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem

A

Radial transport

70
Q

Parenchyma tissue that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense

71
Q

Wood formed in leaning or crooked stems or on lower or upper sides of branches as a means of counteracting the effects of gravity

A

Reaction wood

72
Q

In plants, process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen

A

Respiration

73
Q

Soil area immediately adjacent to, and affected by, plant roots; typically has a high level of microbial activity

A

Rhizosphere

74
Q

Pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are concentrated in the early wood

A

Ring porous

75
Q

Group of cells protecting the apical meristem at the root tip

76
Q

Modified epidermal cells of a root that absorb the majority of water and minerals

A

Root hairs

77
Q

Outer wood (xylem) that has living cells that are active in longitudinal transport of water and solutes

78
Q

Increase in root and stem, girth or diameter; occurs at lateral or secondary meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots

A

Secondary growth

79
Q

Phloem produced to the exterior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth

A

Secondary phloem

80
Q

Xylem produced to the interior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth

A

Secondary xylem

81
Q

Process of aging; process proceeding leaf drop in deciduous plants

82
Q
A

Senescence

83
Q

Long, slender phloem cells in gymnosperms

A

Sieve cells

84
Q

Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthetic transport; exist only in angiosperms

A

Sieve tube elements

85
Q

Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces

86
Q

In physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates; most green parts are sources because the presence of chlorophyll is indicative of photosynthesis, including mature leaves, and green bark

87
Q

Small apertures between two guard cells predominantly on the underside of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gases are exchanged in water loss is regulated

A

Stomata (stomates)

88
Q

Entire mass of protoplasm of all the cells in a plant, interconnected by plasmodesmata

89
Q

Form of reaction would in angiosperms that forms on the upper side of branches or the trunks of leaning trees

A

Tension wood

90
Q

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot; apical bud

91
Q

Group of cells with similar structure that have a special function

92
Q

Elongated, tapering xylem cell that is dead at maturity and is adapted for the support and transport of water and elements

93
Q

Water vapor loss, primarily through the stomata of leaves

A

Transpiration

94
Q

Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus, such as gravity or light

95
Q

Distention in a plant cell caused by its fluid contents

96
Q

Protrusions of psrenchyma cells that enter and block adjacent xylem cells when those cells become inactive or injured

97
Q

Lateral meristem from which secondary xylem and secondary phloem originate

A

Vascular cambium

98
Q

Phloem and xylem, the parts of a tree that conduct water and minerals or organic compounds

A

Vascular system

99
Q

Tissue that conducts water or nutrients

A

Vascular tissue

100
Q

Tube-like, water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms

101
Q

Hard, fibrous, inner part of tree trunks, branches, and stems; the secondary xylem of seed plants

102
Q

Lignified, differentiated tissue produced on woody plants as a response to wounding

103
Q

Main water- and mineral-conducting (unidirectional, up only) tissue in trees and other plants; provides structural support; arises from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying

BCMA (7 decks)

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