1. Abiotic Disorders Flashcards
nonliving
abiotic
plant ailment caused by nonliving, environmental, or man-made agents
abiotic disorder
leaf of fruit drop induced by hormonal changes
abscission
having a pH less than 7.0
acid
state or quality of being acid
acidity
disorder or disease that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time
acute
process that occurs in the presence of oxygen
aerobic
having a pH greater than 7.0
alkaline
substances produced naturally by plants as part of a defense against pests and other plants; may adversely affect the growth and development of other plants
allelochemicals
the influence, usually detrimental, of one plant on another, by the release of chemical substances
allelopathy
process that occurs in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic
pertaining to living organisms
biotic
irregularly shaped necrotic area on leaf, stem, or fruit
blotch
whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll: often caused by nutrient deficiency
chlorosis
disorder of disease occurring or recurring over a very long period of time, typically multiple growing seasons
chronic
closely or firmly packed or joined together
compaction
pertaining to plant nutrition, lack or insufficient quantity of a required element
deficiency
loss of leaves from a tree or other plant by biological, chemical, or mechanical means (as opposed to natural shedding)
defoliation
salt or salt mixtures of various compounds used to melt or prevent the accumulation of ice on roadways and paths
deicing salts
severe drying out; dehydration
desiccation
condition in which the branches in a tree die from the tips toward the main stem
dieback
abnormal condition that impairs the performance of one or more vital functions; often associated with noninfectious agents or abiotic factors
disorder
waste material such as sewage or liquid industrial refuse that is discharged into the environment
effluent
abnormal growth of plants resulting in malformed leaves, stems, or flowers, sometimes flattened or fused in appearance
fasciation
(1) symptom in which leaves on a branch wilt and may ultimately turn brown without falling from the shoot; (2) growth form of trees growing in strong winds, characterized by the branches growing toward the down-wind side
flagging
vertical split in the wood of a tree, generally near the base of the bole, caused by internal stresses and low temperatures; does not usually lead to failure
frost crack
root that encircles all or part of the tree trunk or the tree’s other roots, constricting the vascular tissue and inhibiting secondary growth and the movement of water and photosynthates
girdling root
plant tissue that is acclimated to the cold or a new environment
hardened off
genetically determined ability of a plant to survive winter growing conditions; often referring specifically to low temperatures
hardiness
leaf tissue between the veins of vascular bundles
interveinal tissue
essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S)
macronutrient
pertaining to the edge or border of leaves
marginal
essential element that is required by plants in relatively small quantities, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B)
micronutrient
combination of events or conditions that accelerate decline and, if left untreated, may cause the eventual death of a tree; spiral of decline
mortality spiral
localized or general death of cells or parts of a living organism
necrosis
displaying necrosis
necrotic
substance that provides nourishment essential for the growth and maintenance of life, in plants, often used synonymously with “essential element”
nutrient
condition in which the supply or availability of an essential element causes cessation of critical plant processes, resulting in visible, physical symptoms such as chloritic leaves or necrotic margins, and which, if left untreated, will reduce tree health and may eventually lead to premature death
nutrient deficiency
condition in which certain essential elements are present in excessive amounts, negatively affecting plant processes
nutrient toxicity
term to describe a compound that is poisonous to plants
phytotoxic
browning and shriveling of foliage, especially at the leaf margin
scorch
disorder that develops after a plant is stressed by a primary one
secondary disorder
physical evidence of a casual agent (e.g. insect eggs, borer hole, grass, mycelium, fruiting body)
sign
discrete, localized, and usually small necrotic area of a leaf or needle, stem, flower, or fruit
spot
speckled or dotted areas in which chlorophyll is absent on foliage
stippling
growth reduction of plants or plants parts
stunting
injury to bark and cambium caused by a combination of a radiant energy from light and insufficient moisture in the plant
sunburn
injury to bark tissues on the trunk and branches caused by rapid changes in temperature, especially on warm days and cool nights in the winter
sunscald
potential for infection and/or injury from exposure to a biotic an abiotic factor
susceptibility
plant reaction to a disease or disorder (e.g., spot, wilt, dieback)
symptom
(1) when referring to a substance: moving through an organism after absorption; (2) when referring to a condition, disease, disorder, or pest: affecting the entire organism
systemic
pertaining to plant nutrition, excessive quantities of an element or other chemicals where excessive quantities or wrongs applied concentrations cause damage
toxicity
darkening of the xylem or phloem of woody plants in response to disease, insect boring, or injury
vascular discoloration
loss or turgor and subsequent drooping of leaves and young stems; a symptom
wilt
specific to conifers and broad-leaved evergreens; when soil freezes and moisture cannot be absorbed through the roots and/or transported through the trunk, the foliage dies and becomes brown and reddish brown
winter burn
injury from cold winter temperatures
winter kill
drought-tolerant plant
xerophyte
