Protozoans Flashcards
1
Q
MOT and habitat or E. histolytica
A
MOT: ingestion of infective cyst
Habitat: Large intestine
2
Q
The only pathogenic amoeba
A
E. histolytica
2
Q
Number of nucleus of E. histolytica
A
Cyst: 4
Troph: 1
2
Q
Described as clean-looking cytoplasm
A
E. histolytica trophozoite
3
Q
Distribution of peripheral chromatin in E. histolytica
A
Evenly distributed
4
Q
The only hematophagus amoeba
A
E. histolytica trophozoite
5
Q
Appearance of chromatoidal bar of E. histolytica
A
cigar/sausage-shaped
5
Q
Motility of E. histolytica trophozoite
A
Unidirectional, progressive
5
Q
E. histolytica look-alikes
A
E. dispar
E. moshkovskii
E. bangladeshi
6
Q
Virulence factor of E. histolytica
A
GalNac Lectin (for attachment), amoebapores (for holes), cysteine proteinases (for tissue disruption)
7
Q
Used for differentiation of E. histolytica and E. dispar
A
ELISA
8
Q
Drug of choice for E. histolytica for symptomatic px
A
Metronidazole
9
Q
Drug of choice for E. histolytica for asymptomatic px
A
Diloxanide Furoate
10
Q
Alternative drug for E. histolytica
A
Iodoquinol
11
Q
Incubation period of E. histolytica
A
1-4 weeks
12
Q
What are the commensal amebae?
A
E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, E. chattonii, E. nana, I. butschlii, E. gingivalis
13
Q
Described as dirty-looking cytoplasm
A
E. coli troph
14
Q
Appearance of chromatoidal bar of E. coli cyst
A
Splinter/broom stick shape
15
Q
Motility of E. coli troph
A
Non-directional, non-progressive
16
Q
Number of nuclei of E. coli
A
Cyst: 8
Troph: 1
17
Q
Small race of E. histolytica
A
E. hartmanni
18
Q
Number of nuclei of E. hartmanni
A
Cyst: 1-2
Troph: 1
19
Q
Motility of E. hartmanni
A
Sluggish, non-progressive
20
Q
Amoeba of pigs and monkeys
A
E. polecki
21
Number of nuclei of E. polecki
Cyst & Troph: 1
22
E. polecki is the most common parasite in ____
Papua New Guinea
23
Motility of E. polecki
Unidirectional, progressive, sluggish
24
Seen in apes and monkeys
E. chattoni
25
E. chattoni is morphologically similar to _____
E. polecki
26
Smallest intestinal amebae
E. nana
27
Number of nuclei of E. nana
Cyst: 4
Troph: 1
28
Has cross-eyed karyosome
E. nana
29
Appearance of chromatin in E. nana trophozoite
blunt and hyaline pseudopodia
30
Motility of E. nana troph
Unidirectional, non-progressive, sluggish
movement
31
Has a "basket of flowers" appearance
I. butschlii
32
Additional structure of I. butschlii
Glycogen vacuole
33
Amoeba that has no cyst stage
E. gingivalis
34
Also found in tartar, gingival pockets of teeth, and tonsillar crypts (of unhealthy mouths, but may also be in healthy mouths)
E. gingivalis
35
First amoeba in man
E. gingivalis
35
E. gingivalis is non-pathogenic, but can be seen in patients with _____
Pyorrhea alveolaris (gum infections)
36
The infective stage of free-living pathogenic amebae
Trophozoite
37
Found in inhabiting lakes, pools, tap water, air conditioning units, and heating units
Free-living pathogenic amebae
38
Target of free-living pathogenic amebae
CNS; brain tissue and CSF can be examined
39
Only Naegleria species that can infect humans
Naegleria fowleri
40
What does thermophilic mean?
thrive best in hot springs and other warm aquatic environments
41
Forms of N. fowleri
Cyst: spherical and single-walled
Troph: 1 nucleus, large & dense karyosome, cytoplasm is granular
Amoeboid form: limax-form (slug-like)
Ameboflagellate: 2 anterior flagella
42
Virulence factor of N. fowleri
Amebostomes (food cups)
43
Other pathogenic determinant of N. fowleri
▪ Secretion of lytic enzymes
▪ Membrane pore-forming proteins
▪ Induction of apoptosis
▪ Direct feeding of the ameba
43
Treatment and prevention of N. fowleri
Amphotericin B with Clotrimazole
44
Most common Acanthamoeba spp.
A. castellani
45
Entry of Acanthamoeba spp.
eyes, nasal passages to the lower respiratory tract, or ulcerated or broken skin
46
Acanthamoeba spp. is a possible reservoir host of medically important bacteria such as _____
Legionella spp., mycobacteria and gram-negative bacili (E. coli)
47
Trophozoite that as a "spring projection of the pseudopod"
Acanthamoeba spp.
48
Appearance of the walled cyst of Acanthamoeba spp.
Outer wall: wrinkled
Inner wall: polygonal
49
Acanthamoeba was first described in _____ as a/an _____
1974; opportunistic ocular surface pathogen
50
Symptoms: severe ocular pain, blurring vision, corneal ulceration with progressive corneal
infiltration
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
51
Acanthamoeba Keratitis can be mistaken for _____
Herpes keratitis (herpes has no ocular pain)
52
Caused by Acanthamoeba spp., usually occurs in immunocompromised hosts (chronically ill and debilitated patients, those on
immunosuppressive agents like chemotherapy and antirejection medications)
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
53
Incubation period of Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
10 days
54
Signs and symptoms of Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
destruction of brain tissue, meningeal irritation, fever, malaise, anorexia,
increased sleeping time, severe headache, mental status changes, epilepsy, and coma
55
Caused by Acanthamoeba spp., common in AIDS patients and which the parasite enters through skin
Cutaneous lesions
56
Cutaneous lesions can be distinguished by the presence of _____
Hard erythematous nodules or skin lesions
57
New species causing amebic meningoencephalitis; also causes Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
Balamuthia mandrillaris
57
True or false. GAE is commonly diagnosed through the analysis of CSF
False. It is rarely demonstrated in CSF
57
Cyst and trophozoite appearance of B. mandrillaris
Cyst: wavy appearance
Troph: branching
58
Other free-living amoeba that causes amebic encephalitis
Sappinia diploidea
Hartmanella vermiformis
59
Flagellates that do not inhibit the large intestine
G. lamblia (small intestine), T. vaginalis (urogenital), T. tenax (mouth)
60
Flagellates that do not undergo encystation
Trichomons spp., D. fragilis
61
Non-commensal flagellates
G. lamblia, D. fragilis, T. vaginalis
62
Flagella is attached to the _____ found on the body of the parasite
blepharoplast
63
Giardia lamblia is also known as _____
G. duodenalis and G. intestinalis
64
How many cyst does it take for a person to be infected with G. lamblia?
8-10 cyst
65
What pH does G. lamblia prefer?
Alkaline = 7.8-8.2
66
Number of nuclei of G. lamblia
Cyst: 4
Trop: 2
67
Virulence factor of G. lamblia
Ventral sucking discs
68
Energy structure of G. lamblia
Median/parabasal bodies
69
Appearance of parabasal body of G. lamblia
Clawhammer shape
70
Incubation period of G. lamblia
1-4 weeks
71
Motility of G. lamblia
Falling Leaf Motility
72
Drug of choice for G. lamblia
Metronidazole
73
True or false. Chlorine can kill G. lamblia cyst
False. Iodine is used to disinfect water
74
A flagellate usually ingested with Enterobius and Ascaris
D. fragilis
75
Number of nuclei of D. fragilis
Troph: 2 (hence DIentamoeba)
76
Appearance of pseudopodia of D. fragilis troph
Angular
77
Fixation of D. fragilis
PVA or Schaudinn's solution
78
Drug of choice of D. fragilis
Iodoquinol
79
Commensal parasite of the colon (specifically the cecal region)
Chilomastix mesnili
79
Shape of C. mesnili troph
Pyriform, pear-shaped
79
Shape of C. mesnili cyst
American lemon, nipple-shaped
79
With hyaline knob
C. mesnili cyst
79
Has cytostomal fibril that has a shepherd's crook appearance
C. mesnili troph
79
Has a bird's beak appearance
R. intestinalis cyst
79
Has a cleft-like cytostome
R. intestinalis
79
Motility of C. mesnili
Boring/Rotary/Corkscrew
79
Has a jerky motility
E. hominis
80
Number of nuclei of E. hominis
Cyst: 2-4
Troph: 1
80
Most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection
Trichomoniasis (causative agent: T. vaginalis)
80
Shape of T. vaginalis troph
Pyriform, Pear-shaped
80
Motility of R. intestinalis
Jerky motility
81
Motility of T. vaginalis
Jerky tumbling
81
Has undulating membrane for movement
T. vaginalis
81
Also known as paraxostylar granules
Siderophil granules
81
Where is the undulating membrane found
Lateral portion
81
Effect of T. vaginalis to infants
Neonatal pneumonia
81
Incubation period of T. vaginalis
4-28 days
82
How is T. tenax diagnosed?
Swabbing tarter between teeth, gingival margin, or tonsillar crypts
82
Smallest among the Trichomonas species
T. tenax
82
Treatment of T. tenax
Metronidazole
83
Largest protozoan infecting man
B. coli
84
Function of micronucleus and macronucleus
micro: sexual reproduction
macro: asexual reproduction + vegetative function
85
Extrusive organelles in B. coli located beneath cell membrane
Mucocysts
86
The oral apparatus of B. coli
Cytostome
87
Function of contractile vacuoles in B. coli
Osmoregulation
88
Incubation period of B. coli
4-5 days
89
Shape of ulcers caused by B. coli
Flask-shaped (wider and rounded)
90
3 clinical manifestations of B. coli
Asymptomatic, Acute Cases (Fulminant Balantidiasis), Chronic cases
