Introduction to Parasitology

Question 1

Parasitic infection represent more than ___% of those listed in the WHO list of neglected tropical diseases

Answer 1

50%

Question 2

_____ and _____ are among the common agents of infections that affect ASEAN countries

Answer 2

Helminths and protozoans

Question 3

Two ways of animals obtaining food

Answer 3

Predation and Scavenging

Question 4

May attack another living animal, consuming part of all of its body for nourishment

Answer 4

Predation

Question 5

An animal deriving its nutrition from already dead animals, either devouring those dead of natural causes or taking the leavings of a predator

Answer 5

Scavenging

Question 6

“living together”

Answer 6

Symbiosis

Question 7

Refers to association of two species for food and shelter

Answer 7

Symbiosis

Question 8

Latin for “eating at the same table”

Answer 8

Commensalism

Question 9

Denotes an association that is beneficial to one partner and at least not disadvantageous to the other

Answer 9

Commensalism

Question 10

Symbiosis example: Entamoeba coli lives in the lumen of the intestine, subsists there on the bacterial flora of the gut, and does its host no appreciable harm

Answer 10

Commensalism

Question 11

Involves an intimate relationship between the two species, and it is this close and prolonged contact the differentiates parasitism from the predatory activities of many non-parasites

Answer 11

Parasitism

Question 12

A way of life may be the only possibility for a given organism, or it may be but one alternative

Answer 12

Parasitism

Question 13

A branch of biology that is focused on the animal parasites of human and their medical significance and public health impact

Answer 13

Medical parasitology

Question 14

Covers phenomena of dependence among living organisms

Answer 14

Medical parasitology

Question 15

The scientific study of a parasite, an organism that depends, and a host, an organism that provides shelter and nourishment

Answer 15

Parasitology

Question 16

Known as the organism that provides physical protection and nourishment to the parasite

Answer 16

Host

Question 17

Type of host that harbors the adult or sexually mature stage or parasite

Answer 17

Definitive/final host

Question 18

Example of host: Human is the _____ for lymphatic filarial worms that cause elephantiasis and trypanosomes that cause African trypanosomiasis

Answer 18

Definitive/final host

Question 19

Type of host that harbors the larval stages or asexual forms of the parasites

Answer 19

Intermediate host

Question 20

Harbors the early larval stage of the parasites

Answer 20

First intermediate host (1st IH)

Question 21

Used to describe a vector which assist in the transfer of a parasitic form between hosts but is not essential in the life cycle of parasite

Answer 21

Mechanical vector

Question 22

A type of host where a parasite remains viable but does not develop

Answer 22

Transport/paratenic host

Question 23

Harbors the infective larval stage of the parasite

Answer 23

2nd intermediate host (2nd IH)

Question 24

A type of host that harbors the parasite in an underdeveloped or in arrested state of development

Answer 24

Paratenic host

Question 25

Will only continue the life cycle of parasite only if this paratenic host carrying the parasite is consumed by a susceptible definitive host

Answer 25

Paratenic host

Question 26

In Paragonimus westermani, fresh water prawn/crab acts as its _____ while wild boar acts as its _____.

Answer 26

second intermediate host, paratenic host

Question 27

Alternative host to a parasite that is harbored normally by humans

Answer 27

Reservoir host

Question 28

Host that continues the life cycle of the parasite and acts as an additional source of infection

Answer 28

Reservoir host

Question 29

Pigs are known _____ of Balantidium coli

Answer 29

reservoir host

Question 30

The normal host is an animal but can produce disease in human if they become infected accidentally is known as zoonosis

Answer 30

Reservoir host

Question 31

Organisms that depend on the host for survival

Answer 31

Parasite

Question 32

Parasite: organism that cannot survive in any other manner in the absence of a host

Answer 32

Obligate parasite

Question 33

Parasite: organism that may exist in a free-living state or as a commensal and that, if opportunity presents itself, may become parasitic

Answer 33

Facultative parasite

Question 34

Parasite: obligatory at one or more stages of their life cycles but free living at others

Answer 34

Temporary parasite

Question 35

Parasite: small organisms, such as mosquitoes, which must periodically seek out other and larger forms on which to nourish themselves

Answer 35

Intermittent parasite

Question 36

Parasite who visit their host during feeding time

Answer 36

Intermittent parasite

Question 37

parasites living within the host

Answer 37

Endoparasite

Question 38

parasites that are found on the surface of the body

Answer 38

Ectoparasite

Question 39

evolutionary changes that make possible existence in an unfavorable environment

Answer 39

Preadaptation

Question 40

Groups that contain nothing but parasitic forms

Answer 40

Phylum Apicomplexa and Microsporidia

Question 41

Most free-living nematodes barely attain naked-eye visibility as adults, but ______ can reach 35 cm and _____ as much as 1 mm

Answer 41

Ascaris, Dracunculus

Question 42

Has proteolytic enzyme that aids its penetration of the intestinal mucosa

Answer 42

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 43

Has penetration glands which produce enzyme capable of digesting the skin

Answer 43

Schistosoma sp. (blood fluke)

Question 44

Penetrates an intestinal villus with six hooklets during its embryonic stage prior to developing into a cysticercoid larva

Answer 44

Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm)

Question 45

Present toxic symptoms in large numbers but the precise cause is unknown; may produce severe local damage to the intestinal wall by means of its powerful suckers

Answer 45

Fasciolopsis buski (Giant intestinal fluke)

Question 46

Erodes the intestinal wall, destroying the tissues locally by means of a proteolytic enzyme

Answer 46

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 47

Invade and multiply in red blood cells, which are destroyed in the process and may also attach to the walls of smaller blood vessels in the brain, occluding them to produce localized ischemia

Answer 47

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 48

May damage the host in other ways impossible for the smaller parasites

Answer 48

Helminth parasites

Question 49

May perforate bowel wall, cause intestinal obstruction if present in large numbers, and ectopically may invade the appendix, bile duct, or other organs

Answer 49

Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 50

Suck blood deprive the host of more iron than is replaced by diet and therefore leading to a case of microcytic hypochromic anemia

Answer 50

Human Hookworms (like Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)

Question 51

Selectively removes vitamin B12 from the alimentary tract, producing a megaloblastic anemia in some infected persons

Answer 51

* Broad fish tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus

Question 52

F (a- and b-): demonstrates resistance to Plasmodium vivax infection

Answer 52

Duffy null phenotype

Question 53

associated with increased resistance to Plasmodium falciparum infection

Answer 53

Sickle cell trait

Question 54

High-protein diet is unfavorable for the development of many ____

Answer 54

intestinal protozoa

Question 55

Low-protein diet favors the appearance of symptoms of _____

Answer 55

amoebiasis

Question 56

Rich-carbohydrate diet favors the development of _____

Answer 56

certain tapeworms

Question 57

resistance to hyperinfection and has a great importance in endemic areas in limiting the extent of infection with plasmodia, hookworms, and other parasites

Answer 57

Premunition

Question 58

Parasitic infection associated with patient undergoing aggressive treatment for leukemia

Answer 58

Toxoplasmosis

Question 59

Parasitic infection associated with corticosteroids

Answer 59

Acute amoebic colitis

Question 60

Parasitic infection associated with state of malignancy: reticulum cell carcinoma

Answer 60

Primary gastric amoebiasis

Question 61

Parasitic infection associated with immunologically compromised hosts

Answer 61

Strongyloidiasis and trichinosis

Question 62

Parasitic infection associated with Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 62

Toxoplasmosis Cyclosporiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cystoisosporiasis Strongyloidiasis (disseminated form)

Question 63

infective stage is called the cyst

Answer 63

Encysting protozoans

Question 64

infective stage is called the trophozoite

Answer 64

Non-encysting protozoans

Question 65

a commensal organism that inhabits the mouth, has not cyst stage or other means of survival outside of the host, and it probably is transferred by direct contact

Answer 65

Entamoeba gingivalis

Question 66

unable to form cysts, but it probably can survive for short periods outside the body

Answer 66

Trichomonas spp. (T. tenax, T. hominis, T. vaginalis)

Question 67

examples of soil-transmitted helminths that infect host through ingestion of embryonated eggs

Answer 67

Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura

Question 68

a contact transmitted parasite whose embryonated eggs can be either ingested or inhaled

Answer 68

Enterobius vermicularis

Question 69

involves only one intermediate host

Answer 69

Monoxenous

Question 70

involves more than one intermediate host

Answer 70

Heteroxenous

Question 71

Refers to the development of a parasite in its earliest form and its survival and development in the outside environment and within the host

Answer 71

Life cycle

Question 72

Parasite with definitive host but no intermediate host required

Answer 72

Ascaris spp.

Question 73

Definitive host of Ascaris spp.

Answer 73

Man/pig

Question 74

Parasite with definitive host with one intermediate host required

Answer 74

Echinococcus granulosus

Question 75

Definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus

Answer 75

Dog and other candidate

Question 76

Intermediate host of Echinococcus granulosus

Answer 76

Sheep, goat, swine, cattle, horse, herbivores, human

Question 77

Parasite with definitive host with two or more host required

Answer 77

Fasciola hepatica

Question 78

Definitive host of Fasciola hepatica

Answer 78

Water buffalo/man

Question 79

Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica

Answer 79

1st IH: snail 2nd IH: aquatic plants or vegetation

Question 80

Soil-transmitted helminths

Answer 80

Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Hookworm

Question 81

Infective stage and MOT of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura

Answer 81

Embryonated egg; ingestion

Question 82

Infective stage and MOT of hookworm

Answer 82

Filariform larva (L3 larva); skin penetration

Question 83

Food and water-borne parasites

Answer 83

Balantidium coli Paragonimus westernani Schistosoma spp. Giardia duodenalis

Question 84

Infective stage and MOT of Balantidium coli

Answer 84

Cyst; ingestion

Question 85

Infective stage and MOT of Paragonimus westernani

Answer 85

Metacercaria; ingestion

Question 86

Infective stage and MOT of Schistosoma spp.

Answer 86

Cercaria, skin penetration

Question 87

Infective stage and MOT of Giardia duodenalis

Answer 87

Cyst; drinking contaminated water

Question 88

Vector-borne parasite/s

Answer 88

Plasmodium spp.

Question 89

Infective stage and MOT of Plasmodium spp.

Answer 89

Sporozoite; bite of an infected vector

Question 90

Contact-transmitted parasite/s

Answer 90

Enterobius vermicularis

Question 91

Infective stage and MOT of Enterobius vermicularis

Answer 91

Embryonated egg; direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, autoinfection

Question 92

Sexually transmitted parasite/s

Answer 92

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 93

Infective stage and MOT of Trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 93

Trophozoite; direct contact, sexual intercourse

Question 94

Phylum: equipped with pseudopods (false feet)

Answer 94

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Question 95

Phylum: equipped with cilia, hair-like structures

Answer 95

Phylum Ciliophora

Question 96

The only ciliate parasite of humans

Answer 96

Balantidium coli

Question 97

Phylum: not equipped with definite locomotor apparatus

Answer 97

Phylum Apicomplexa

Question 98

Phylum: Flatworms

Answer 98

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Question 99

Three classes under Phylum Platyhelminthes

Answer 99

Turberllaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

Question 100

Differences among Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

Answer 100

Turbellaria: free-living forms Trematoda: "flukes"; leaf-shaped and slender Cestoda: "tapeworm"; elongate and ribbon-like body

Question 101

Phylum: roundworms

Answer 101

Phylum Nemathelminthes

Question 102

Phylum: thorny-headed worms

Answer 102

Phylum Acanthocephala

Question 103

segmented and bilaterally symmetrical animals with a body enclosed in a stiff, chitinous covering or exoskeleton and bearing paired, jointed appendages

Answer 103

Arthropods

Question 104

Four classes under Phylum Arthropoda

Answer 104

Crustacea (aquatic forms), Chilopoda (centipedes), Arachnida (spiderlike), Insecta (most important)

Question 104

Order: sucking lice

Answer 104

Order Anoplura

Question 105

Order: true bugs, wingless bedbugs

Answer 105

Order Hemiptera

Question 106

Order: beetles

Answer 106

Order Coleoptera

Question 107

Order: ants, bees, wasps

Answer 107

Order Hymenoptera

Question 108

Order: fleas

Answer 108

Order Siphonaptera

Question 109

Order: one pair of true wings

Answer 109

Order Diptera

Question 110

Phylum: endoparasitic forms; known as tongue worms or linguatulids

Answer 110

Phylum Pentastomida

Question 111

Phylum Microsporidia is formerly classified with the _____

Answer 111

Sporozoa