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Parasitoloy Lec + Lab 1st Shifting > Introduction to Parasitology > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Parasitic infection represent more than ___% of those listed in the WHO list of neglected tropical diseases

A

50%

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2
Q

_____ and _____ are among the common agents of infections that affect ASEAN countries

A

Helminths and protozoans

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3
Q

Two ways of animals obtaining food

A

Predation and Scavenging

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4
Q

May attack another living animal, consuming part of all of its body for nourishment

A

Predation

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5
Q

An animal deriving its nutrition from already dead animals, either devouring those dead of natural causes or taking the leavings of a predator

A

Scavenging

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6
Q

“living together”

A

Symbiosis

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7
Q

Refers to association of two species for food and shelter

A

Symbiosis

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8
Q

Latin for “eating at the same table”

A

Commensalism

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9
Q

Denotes an association that is beneficial to one partner and at least not disadvantageous to the other

A

Commensalism

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10
Q

Symbiosis example: Entamoeba coli lives in the lumen of the intestine, subsists there on the bacterial flora of the gut, and does its host no appreciable harm

A

Commensalism

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11
Q

Involves an intimate relationship between the two species, and it is this close and prolonged contact the differentiates parasitism from the predatory activities of many non-parasites

A

Parasitism

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12
Q

A way of life may be the only possibility for a given organism, or it may be but one alternative

A

Parasitism

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13
Q

A branch of biology that is focused on the animal parasites of human and their medical significance and public health impact

A

Medical parasitology

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14
Q

Covers phenomena of dependence among living organisms

A

Medical parasitology

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15
Q

The scientific study of a parasite, an organism that depends, and a host, an organism that provides shelter and nourishment

A

Parasitology

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16
Q

Known as the organism that provides physical protection and nourishment to the parasite

A

Host

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17
Q

Type of host that harbors the adult or sexually mature stage or parasite

A

Definitive/final host

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18
Q

Example of host: Human is the _____ for lymphatic filarial worms that cause elephantiasis and trypanosomes that cause African trypanosomiasis

A

Definitive/final host

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19
Q

Type of host that harbors the larval stages or asexual forms of the parasites

A

Intermediate host

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20
Q

Harbors the early larval stage of the parasites

A

First intermediate host (1st IH)

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21
Q

Used to describe a vector which assist in the transfer of a parasitic form between hosts but is not essential in the life cycle of parasite

A

Mechanical vector

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22
Q

A type of host where a parasite remains viable but does not develop

A

Transport/paratenic host

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23
Q

Harbors the infective larval stage of the parasite

A

2nd intermediate host (2nd IH)

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24
Q

A type of host that harbors the parasite in an underdeveloped or in arrested state of development

A

Paratenic host

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25
Q

Will only continue the life cycle of parasite only if this paratenic host carrying the parasite is consumed by a susceptible definitive host

A

Paratenic host

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26
Q

In Paragonimus westermani, fresh water prawn/crab acts as its _____ while wild boar acts as its _____.

A

second intermediate host, paratenic host

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27
Q

Alternative host to a parasite that is harbored normally by humans

A

Reservoir host

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28
Q

Host that continues the life cycle of the parasite and acts as an additional source of infection

A

Reservoir host

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29
Q

Pigs are known _____ of Balantidium coli

A

reservoir host

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30
Q

The normal host is an animal but can produce disease in human if they become infected accidentally is known as zoonosis

A

Reservoir host

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31
Q

Organisms that depend on the host for survival

A

Parasite

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32
Q

Parasite: organism that cannot survive in any other manner in the absence of a host

A

Obligate parasite

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33
Q

Parasite: organism that may exist in a free-living state or as a commensal and that, if opportunity presents itself, may become parasitic

A

Facultative parasite

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34
Q

Parasite: obligatory at one or more stages of their life cycles but free living at others

A

Temporary parasite

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35
Q

Parasite: small organisms, such as mosquitoes, which must periodically seek out other and larger forms on which to nourish themselves

A

Intermittent parasite

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36
Q

Parasite who visit their host during feeding time

A

Intermittent parasite

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37
Q

parasites living within the host

A

Endoparasite

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38
Q

parasites that are found on the surface of the body

A

Ectoparasite

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39
Q

evolutionary changes that make possible existence in an unfavorable environment

A

Preadaptation

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40
Q

Groups that contain nothing but parasitic forms

A

Phylum Apicomplexa and Microsporidia

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41
Q

Most free-living nematodes barely attain naked-eye visibility as adults, but ______ can reach 35 cm and _____ as much as 1 mm

A

Ascaris, Dracunculus

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42
Q

Has proteolytic enzyme that aids its penetration of the intestinal mucosa

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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43
Q

Has penetration glands which produce enzyme capable of digesting the skin

A

Schistosoma sp. (blood fluke)

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44
Q

Penetrates an intestinal villus with six hooklets during its embryonic stage prior to developing into a cysticercoid larva

A

Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm)

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45
Q

Present toxic symptoms in large numbers but the precise cause is unknown; may produce severe local damage to the intestinal wall by means of its powerful suckers

A

Fasciolopsis buski (Giant intestinal fluke)

46
Q

Erodes the intestinal wall, destroying the tissues locally by means of a proteolytic enzyme

A

Entamoeba histolytica

47
Q

Invade and multiply in red blood cells, which are destroyed in the process and may also attach to the walls of smaller blood vessels in the brain, occluding them to produce localized ischemia

A

Plasmodium falciparum

48
Q

May damage the host in other ways impossible for the smaller parasites

A

Helminth parasites

49
Q

May perforate bowel wall, cause intestinal obstruction if present in large numbers, and ectopically may invade the appendix, bile duct, or other organs

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

50
Q

Suck blood deprive the host of more iron than is replaced by diet and therefore leading to a case of microcytic hypochromic anemia

A

Human Hookworms (like Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)

51
Q

Selectively removes vitamin B12 from the alimentary tract, producing a megaloblastic anemia in some infected persons

A
  • Broad fish tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus
52
Q

F (a- and b-): demonstrates resistance to Plasmodium vivax infection

A

Duffy null phenotype

53
Q

associated with increased resistance to Plasmodium falciparum infection

A

Sickle cell trait

54
Q

High-protein diet is unfavorable for the development of many ____

A

intestinal protozoa

55
Q

Low-protein diet favors the appearance of symptoms of _____

A

amoebiasis

56
Q

Rich-carbohydrate diet favors the development of _____

A

certain tapeworms

57
Q

resistance to hyperinfection and has a great importance in endemic areas in limiting the extent of infection with plasmodia, hookworms, and other parasites

A

Premunition

58
Q

Parasitic infection associated with patient undergoing aggressive treatment for leukemia

A

Toxoplasmosis

59
Q

Parasitic infection associated with corticosteroids

A

Acute amoebic colitis

60
Q

Parasitic infection associated with state of malignancy: reticulum cell carcinoma

A

Primary gastric amoebiasis

61
Q

Parasitic infection associated with immunologically compromised hosts

A

Strongyloidiasis and trichinosis

62
Q

Parasitic infection associated with Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

Toxoplasmosis
Cyclosporiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cystoisosporiasis
Strongyloidiasis (disseminated form)

63
Q

infective stage is called the cyst

A

Encysting protozoans

64
Q

infective stage is called the trophozoite

A

Non-encysting protozoans

65
Q

a commensal organism that inhabits the mouth, has not cyst stage or other means of survival outside of the host, and it probably is transferred by direct contact

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

66
Q

unable to form cysts, but it probably can survive for short periods outside the body

A

Trichomonas spp. (T. tenax, T. hominis, T. vaginalis)

67
Q

examples of soil-transmitted helminths that infect host through ingestion of embryonated eggs

A

Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura

68
Q

a contact transmitted parasite whose embryonated eggs can be either ingested or inhaled

A

Enterobius vermicularis

69
Q

involves only one intermediate host

A

Monoxenous

70
Q

involves more than one intermediate host

A

Heteroxenous

71
Q

Refers to the development of a parasite in its earliest form and its survival and development in the outside environment and within the host

A

Life cycle

72
Q

Parasite with definitive host but no intermediate host required

A

Ascaris spp.

73
Q

Definitive host of Ascaris spp.

A

Man/pig

74
Q

Parasite with definitive host with one intermediate host required

A

Echinococcus granulosus

75
Q

Definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus

A

Dog and other candidate

76
Q

Intermediate host of Echinococcus granulosus

A

Sheep, goat, swine, cattle, horse, herbivores, human

77
Q

Parasite with definitive host with two or more host required

A

Fasciola hepatica

78
Q

Definitive host of Fasciola hepatica

A

Water buffalo/man

79
Q

Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica

A

1st IH: snail
2nd IH: aquatic plants or vegetation

80
Q

Soil-transmitted helminths

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Hookworm

81
Q

Infective stage and MOT of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura

A

Embryonated egg; ingestion

82
Q

Infective stage and MOT of hookworm

A

Filariform larva (L3 larva); skin penetration

83
Q

Food and water-borne parasites

A

Balantidium coli
Paragonimus westernani
Schistosoma spp.
Giardia duodenalis

84
Q

Infective stage and MOT of Balantidium coli

A

Cyst; ingestion

85
Q

Infective stage and MOT of Paragonimus westernani

A

Metacercaria; ingestion

86
Q

Infective stage and MOT of Schistosoma spp.

A

Cercaria, skin penetration

87
Q

Infective stage and MOT of Giardia duodenalis

A

Cyst; drinking contaminated water

88
Q

Vector-borne parasite/s

A

Plasmodium spp.

89
Q

Infective stage and MOT of Plasmodium spp.

A

Sporozoite; bite of an infected vector

90
Q

Contact-transmitted parasite/s

A

Enterobius vermicularis

91
Q

Infective stage and MOT of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Embryonated egg; direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, autoinfection

92
Q

Sexually transmitted parasite/s

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

93
Q

Infective stage and MOT of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Trophozoite; direct contact, sexual intercourse

94
Q

Phylum: equipped with pseudopods (false feet)

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

95
Q

Phylum: equipped with cilia, hair-like structures

A

Phylum Ciliophora

96
Q

The only ciliate parasite of humans

A

Balantidium coli

97
Q

Phylum: not equipped with definite locomotor apparatus

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

98
Q

Phylum: Flatworms

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

99
Q

Three classes under Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Turberllaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

100
Q

Differences among Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

A

Turbellaria: free-living forms
Trematoda: “flukes”; leaf-shaped and slender
Cestoda: “tapeworm”; elongate and ribbon-like body

101
Q

Phylum: roundworms

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

102
Q

Phylum: thorny-headed worms

A

Phylum Acanthocephala

103
Q

segmented and bilaterally symmetrical
animals with a body enclosed in a stiff, chitinous covering or exoskeleton and bearing paired, jointed appendages

A

Arthropods

104
Q

Four classes under Phylum Arthropoda

A

Crustacea (aquatic forms), Chilopoda (centipedes), Arachnida (spiderlike), Insecta (most important)

104
Q

Order: sucking lice

A

Order Anoplura

105
Q

Order: true bugs, wingless bedbugs

A

Order Hemiptera

106
Q

Order: beetles

A

Order Coleoptera

107
Q

Order: ants, bees, wasps

A

Order Hymenoptera

108
Q

Order: fleas

A

Order Siphonaptera

109
Q

Order: one pair of true wings

A

Order Diptera

110
Q

Phylum: endoparasitic forms; known as tongue worms or linguatulids

A

Phylum Pentastomida

111
Q

Phylum Microsporidia is formerly classified with the _____

A

Sporozoa

Parasitoloy Lec + Lab 1st Shifting (4 decks)

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