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Human Parasitology > Protozoa, NPP, PAM, & Flagellates > Flashcards

Protozoa, NPP, PAM, & Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

Why should we learn about NPP’s?

A

indicates fecal-oral contamination

potential infection with other fecal associated pathogens

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2
Q

How can Entamoeba dispar be differentiated from E. histolytica?

A

differences only at a molecular level

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3
Q

What are the sizes of the E. hartmani trophozoite and cyst?

A 
troph = 12-14 microns
cyst = 5-9 microns
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4
Q

Where do E. coli trophozoites live?

A

large intestine

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5
Q

How large are the trophozoites from E.coli?

A

25 microns

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6
Q

What does the nucleus of trophozoites from E.coli look like?

A

peripheral chromatin - clumped

endosome - large, ecentric

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7
Q

What is the size of the E.coli cyst?

A

17 microns

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8
Q

How many nuclei are in the mature cyst of E.coli?

A

1, 2, 4 nuclei

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9
Q

Describe the chromatoidal bar found in E.coli.

A

splintered ends

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10
Q

Where is E. gingivalis found in the human?

A

teeth & gums - safe pockets to reside in

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11
Q

What stage is E. gingivalis transmitted and how can transmission occur?

A

infection by transmission of trophozoites:
direct - kissing
indirect - sharing utensils

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12
Q

How can E. gingivalis be identified?

A

morphology is similar to E. histolytica - main difference in habitat (histolytica is in lungs)
possiblity that E. histolytica can be found in the mouth after coughin

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13
Q

What is the size of Endolimax nana?

A

smallest amoeba in humans

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus and speed of the trophozoite’s movement in Endolimax

A

9 microns
no peripheral chromatin
large, centric endosome
moves very slowly - “dwarf internal slug”

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15
Q

How many nuclei are in the cyst of Endolimax?

A

4

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16
Q

How large is the trophozoite of Iodamoeba butschlii?

A

10 microns

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17
Q

Describe the nucleus of Iodamoeba butschlii.

A

large endosome surrounded by chromatin grandules

“halo” formation

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18
Q

What shape is the cyst in Iodamoeba butschlii?

A

oval

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19
Q

What structure in the Iodamoeba butschlii cyst stains with iodine?

A

large glycogen vacuole

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20
Q

How many nuclei are in the Iodamoeba butschlii cyst?

A

one

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21
Q

What is facultative parasitism?

A

may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle

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22
Q

Where does Naegleria fowleri normally live?

A

found worldwide:
soil, warm freshwater ponds & lakes
heated swimming pools

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23
Q

What happens when the Naegleria fowleri organism enters the human nose?

A

migrate along olfactory nerves & reach brain

24
Q

What does Naegleria fowleri do in the brain?

A

secrete enzymes

cause hemorrhage & necrosis of brain tissue

25
Q

What disease state does Naegleria fowleri cause?

A

meningitis & encephalitis

PAM - primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

26
Q

How often does PAM occur?

A

rare, very serious

27
Q

What are the symptoms of PAM?

A

stiff neck, headache

light sensitive, fever, seizures

28
Q

How can diagnosis of PAM be made?

A

lumbar puncture - trophs found in cerebrospinal fluid

29
Q

What drugs are used to treat Naegleria fowleri infection?

A

Amphotericin B - antifungal, binds to & disrupts troph plasma membrane
Rifampin - antibiotic, dirupts transcription
miconazole - antigfungal

30
Q

How can Naegleria fowleri infection be controlled?

A

nose clips or face mask - prevent water from getting up nose
blow out water forcefully out of nose
pools - chlorine
neti pot - used to flush out sinuses by pushing water through water, make sure water is clean and safe (boil)

31
Q

Where are Acanthamoeba spp found?

A

soil and water

32
Q

What is GAE?

A

Grandulomatous Amoebic Encephaltis
trophs enter host via perivascular route - crawl along outside of blood vessels to CNS
damange is less severe than PAM

33
Q

What is acanthamoebic keratitis?

A

infection of skin

contamination through soil contact

34
Q

What is acanthamoebic uveitis?

A

infection of eye
contamination into contact lenses
can lead to blindness, loss of eye if not treated

35
Q

How is Acenthamoeba infection diagnosed and treated?

A

trophs is cerebrospinal fluid, skin, eye
location can indicate the spp
treatment is same as PAM

36
Q

What is the function of a flagellum?

A

allows a cell to move

37
Q

In which phylum are the flagellates classified?

A

Metamonada

38
Q

Where are flagellates generally found in the human host?

A

digestive and reproductive tracts

39
Q

Why is infection with Giardia lamblia sometimes called Beaver Fever?

A

beaver is the reservoir host

40
Q

How many nuclei are in the mature Giardia lamblia cyst?

A

2

41
Q

Trace the life cycle of the Giardia lamblia parasite.

A

*

42
Q

What effect does the Giardia lamblia parasite have on the host intestine?

A

intestinal damage, lesions

43
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

fat in feces - smells really bad

44
Q

How is infection with G. lamblia diagnosed?

A

cysts in feces
aspirate fluid from SI to check for trophs
entero-test: string test (less invasive)

45
Q

How can G. lamblia infection be treated?

A

Metronidazole (Flagyl) - inhibits DNA synthesis

46
Q

How can G. lamblia infection be prevented?

A

drinking water - sand filtration

campers should treat water before drinking

47
Q

A recurrent flagellum often forms a(n) ________.

A

an undulating membrane. The flagellum is attached to the membrane thus the membrane moves as it moves back and forth pull on it.

48
Q

Do the trichomonads have mitochondria?

A

no

49
Q

What is a hydrogenosome?

A

organelle that metaboliza pyruvate - form ATP

end product is H2

50
Q

What stage(s) occur(s) in a trichomonas life cycle?

A

no cyst stage

51
Q

Where in females and males is Trichomonas vaginalis found?

A

males - asymptomatic

females - vagina

52
Q

How is the acidic pH of the vagina maintained?

A

lactic acid producing bacteria

53
Q

Why does the pH go up in a T. vaginalis infection?

A

T.v. feeds on lactic acid producing bacteria

54
Q

What pathology does T. vaginalis cause in males and females?

A

inflammation of vaginal epithelium

pain, itching, leucorrhea (mucus)

55
Q

Describe transmission of T. vaginalis.

A

direct contact - sexual
indirect contact - sharing towels, underwear
newborns infected when passing through vagina - troph enters through eyes

56
Q

Describe diagnosis of T. vaginalis.

A

females - vaginal discharges, urine

male - prostate secretions, urine

57
Q

Describe treatment of T. vaginalis.

A

metronidazole

condom to prevent further sexual transmission

Human Parasitology (22 decks)

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