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Human Parasitology > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

How common are P. vivax infections?

A

~45% of malaria cases

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2
Q

Explain the difference between short-prepatent & long-prepatent sporozoites & how one of these is related to replapse. ( P. vivax)

A

short prepatent: invade heptocytes develop into metzoites leave hepatocytes & invade RBCs
long prepatent: invade heptocytes develop into metozoites remain in heptocytes = hypnozoites
relapse bc hypnozoites leave liver & invade RBCs

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3
Q

Where are Duffy antigens found & why are they significant in P. vivax infection? ( P. vivax)

A

surface of RBCs

merozoites can only penetrate RBCs with Duffy antigen on surface

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4
Q

What people are resistant to vivax malaria?

A

Duffy negative

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5
Q

What are Schnuffner’s dots?

A

stipplies on RBCs in P. vivax

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6
Q

How often do the fevers occur in P. vivax infection?

A

every 48 hours

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7
Q

How common are P. malariae infections?

A

~7% of cases

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8
Q

How often do the fevers occur in P. malariae infection?

A

every 72 hours

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9
Q

What is the band form in P. malariae?

A

mature ring stage

elongates and bnad forms

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10
Q

How does recrudescence differ from relapse? (P. malariae)

A

sick, recover, sick again
bc of sudden increase in persistant undetected population in blood
can never donate blood again

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11
Q

How common are P. ovale infections?

A

rare

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12
Q

How often to the fevers occur in P. ovale?

A

mild fevers every 48 hrs

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13
Q

How did the parasite get its name? (P. ovale)

A

Mature schizout and RBC are oval shaped

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14
Q

How common are P. falciparum infections?

A

> 50% of all malaria cases

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15
Q

What symptoms occur in cerebral malaria?

A 
heaches
coma
high fever (108 degrees F)
convulsions
fatal within 24-72 hrs
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16
Q

How does the mechanical hypothesis explain cerebral malaria?

A

bind to endothelial cells
block capillaries
reduce blood flow
hypoxia

17
Q

How does the humoral hypothesis explain cerebral malaria?

A

malarial toin stimulates macrophages to release cytokines
stimulate production of nitric oxide
diffuses across BBB & effect synaptic function
similar to general anesthetics & high ethanol concentration

18
Q

What happens in Blackwater fever?

A 
acute massive lysis of RBCs
infected & uninfected
high levels of Hb & hemozoin in blood
urine very dark
kidney failure
autoimmune
19
Q

Why is there a difference in pathology between P. falciparum & the other human Plasmodium species?

A 
P.v. = young RBCs
R.m. = old RBCs
P.o. = young RBCs
P.f. = all
20
Q

How does sickle cell Hb differ from normal Hb?

A

B chains have one glutamic acid replaced by valine

21
Q

What happens to sickle cell Hb during oxygen stress?

A

sickle shape

reduce flexibility

22
Q

What is the heterozygote advantage and what can happen to homozygotes?

A

~60% RBC - normal Hb
~40% RBC - sickle Hb
level of parasitemia is 1%
homozygotes die young from Plasmodium f. infection

23
Q

How does quinine function?

A

acts on blood stages

24
Q

How does chloroquine function?

A

blocks heme polymerase

against blood stages

25
Q

How does pyrimethamine function?

A

against liver stage

inhibits dihydrofolate reductase necessary for folic acid synthesis

26
Q

What adverse events are associated with mefloquine?

A

adverse CNS effects -

depression, anxiety, paranoia, aggression, seizures, birth defects

27
Q

What drugs are found in ACTs?

A

Artmenisimin based combination therapies

  1. one drug is derivate of artemisinin related to Artmenisia annina (plant)
  2. partner drug used in combination (ex: Mefloquine)
28
Q

The derivative of artmenisinin is based on what compound?

A

Artmenisia annina (plant)

29
Q

How do the derivative & the partner drug differ in ACTs? Why is this difference significant?

A

The partner drugs use different modes of action to wipeout parasite. THis prevents the development of resistance to the drugs.

30
Q

What is premunition?

A

resistance to super infection

31
Q

What are children so susceptible to Plasmodium infections?

A

no longer breastfeeding

immune system is not fully developed

32
Q

What does the RTS,S vaccine stimulate and how does this affect the parasite?

A

stimulates antibody production & T cell response

parasite doesn’t develop in the liver

33
Q

Where was the PfSPZ vaccine developed?

A

Rockville, MD

34
Q

How is the PfSPZ vaccine produced?

A

weakened form of sporozoite from salivary glands of irradiated mosquitos are harvested

35
Q

How can mosquitos be controlled?

A

destruction of breeding sites
mosquito predators
insecticides
bed nets

Human Parasitology (22 decks)

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