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Human Parasitology > Cestodes: Cyclophyllidea & Pseudophyllidea > Flashcards

Cestodes: Cyclophyllidea & Pseudophyllidea Flashcards

1
Q

What cyclophyllidean metacestode stage develops in an invertebrate IH? Give a species example.

A

cysticercoid (ex: hymenolepis nana)

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2
Q

What are the major morphological features of cyclophyllidea?

A
  1. acetabulate scolex 2. compact vitelline gland 3. apolysis
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3
Q

What 3 metacestode stages occur in vertebrate intermediate hosts?

A
  1. eggs eaten by vertebrate 2. cysticerus 3. ceonurus
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4
Q

Trace the path in the IH from egg to metacestode.

A
  1. adult worm in DH intestine 2. eggs passed in DH feces 3. eggs eaten by IH 4. develops into metacestode
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5
Q

Does a cysticerus have a scolex?

A

yes single scolex

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6
Q

Is the body of a cysticerus solid?

A

fluid filled sac

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7
Q

What is an example of a cysticerus?

A

Taenia solium & T. sasinata

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8
Q

In what genus does a hydatid development occur?

A

echinococcus

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9
Q

What are the two type of hydatid cysts? In which species does each occur?

A
  1. unilocular cyst in E. granulosis (endogenous budding) 2. multilocular (alveolar) cyst (exogenous budding) in E. multilocular
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10
Q

What is the common name of Taenia solium?

A

pork tapeworm

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11
Q

What are the intermediate & definitive hosts of Taenia solium?

A

IH = pig (ingests eggs) DH = human (ingests cysticerus)

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12
Q

What is the structure of the ovary & how many testes are found in the mature proglottid of Taenia solium?

A

trilobed ovary. 150-200 testes

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13
Q

How many lateral uterine branches are found in the gravid proglottid of Taenia solium?

A

7-13

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14
Q

What pathology is caused by Taenia solium?

A

often asymptomatic

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15
Q

What has happened to the human in cysticercosis?

A

human becomes IH by ingesting eggs & onchosphere penetrates intestine

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16
Q

What is the collagenous capsule?

A

capsule that forms around cysticerus as part of host immune response may be asymptomatic

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17
Q

What is a space occupying lesion?

A

pressure on host tissue. decreased circulation -> necrosis

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18
Q

In what parts of the body does disseminated cysticercosis occur?

A

viscera, muscle, subcuntaneous

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19
Q

What pathology can occurs in cases of ocular cysticercosis & neurocysticercosis?

A

blindness & adult onset epilepsy

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20
Q

What are the three most common mechanisms by which cysticercosis occurs?

A
  1. self-inflection (hand to mouth) 2. environmental contamination 3. internal autoinfection (reinfection by parasite w/o it leaving host)
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21
Q

How can infections with the adult Taenia solium worm & cysticercosis be diagnosed?

A
  1. MRI scans 2. surgery & ID
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22
Q

How are infections with the adult Taenia solium and cysticercosis treated? What are the mechanisms of action of the drugs?

A

surgery. mechanism of drugs = anti inflammatory

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23
Q

How can Taenia solium infection be controlled?

A
  1. sanitation 2. good hygiene 3. meat inspection 4. cook/freeze meat
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24
Q

How can meat be inspected for infection?

A

tongue of pig

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25
Q

How can meat be prepared to minimize the chance of infection?

A

cook over 65 degrees C or freeze at -10 degrees C for 14 days

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26
Q

What is the common name of Taenia saginata?

A

beef tapeworms

27
Q

What are the intermediate & definitive hosts?

A

IH = cattle DH = humans

28
Q

What does the egg of Taenia saginata look like?

A

identical to T. solium

29
Q

Compare mature and gravid proglottids of Taenia saginata & T. solium.

A

mature: bilobed overy w/ 300-400 testes gravid: 15-20 lateral uterine branches

30
Q

What are the symptoms generally associated w/ Taenia saginata infection?

A

most asymptomatic no cysticercosis

31
Q

What is the treatment for Taenia saginata infection?

A

PZQ & niclosamide

32
Q

How can Taenia saginata infection be controlled?

A
  1. sanitaiton 2. cook/freeze
33
Q

Would you expect to find viable cysticerci in either rare, medium, or well done beef?

A

rare: 100% viable medium: 50-60% viable well: 0% viable

34
Q

What is the definitive host for Echinococcus spp?

A

herbivores: sheep & cattle

35
Q

How can humans get involved in the Echinococcus life cycle?

A

humans are never DHs but they can become IHs

36
Q

Describe the scolex morphology and proglottids in Echinococcus species.

A

scolex: acetabulate & 3 proglottids

37
Q

How does hydatidosis develop in a human?

A

human ingests eggs and becomes IH

38
Q

What type of pathology can a hydatid cause?

A
  1. cycstic echinococcosis: space occupying lesion fluid leaks from cyst & into host tissue 2. alveolar echinococcocsis - cyst metastatic
39
Q

What can happen if fluid leaks from the cyst?

A

host tissue is hypersensitized & can lead to anaphylaxis

40
Q

Why is this important during surgical removal of the cyst?

A

not to nick the cyst

41
Q

What is an osseous cyst?

A

space occupying lesion

42
Q

What is the treatment for hydatidosis?

A

surgery or PAIR procedure (for inoperable cysts)

43
Q

Describe the steps in the PAIR procedure.

A
  1. percutaneous Puncture of cyst 2. Aspiration of cyst fluid 3. replacement of cyst fluid w/ Injection of ethanol (kills germinal layer) 4. Reaspiration of ethanol 5. repeat 6. fill cyst w/ isotonic sodium chloride solution
44
Q

What is the common name of Hymenolepis nana?

A

dwarf tapeworm

45
Q

Does this Hymenolepis nana normally cause pathology in the human host?

A

very rare

46
Q

Draw out life cycle of Hymenolepis nana.

A

answer questions in review packet

47
Q

What is Diphyllobothrium latum’s common name?

A

broad fish tapeworm

48
Q

What happens when the Diphyllobothrium latum egg hatches?

A
  1. anapolysis 2. operculum
49
Q

What are the first and second intermediate hosts in Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

1st IH: coracidium in microcrustacean (copepod) 2nd IH: fish (goes into skeletal muscle but doesn’t undergo further development)

50
Q

How does a definitive host become infected in Diphyllobothrium latum? What stage is infective to the DH?

A

eats 2nd IH (fish) not effective if fish is cooked. plercocercoid is infective stage

51
Q

How long can a D. latum adult worm get?

A

up to 10m

52
Q

What structures are found on the scolex of D.latum?

A

scolex: 2 bothria & proglotids

53
Q

Where is the genital pore found on adult D.latum?

A

midventrally

54
Q

Where does the uterine pore open on adult D.latum?

A

midventrally

55
Q

What is the appearance of the uterus in a gravid proglottid on adult D.latum?

A

many loops “rosette”

56
Q

Where in the world is infection with D. latum most common?

A

Scandinavia & US Great Lakes

57
Q

What are some of the vague symptoms associated with D. latum infection?

A

?

58
Q

What is the function of Intrinsic Factor?

A

binds to B12 and allows host to absorb B12 which is needed to synthesize Hb

59
Q

What is pernicious anemia? How is this caused by D. latum?

A

bone marrow produces unsually large, abnormal, immature, RBCs (megaloblasts). tape worm secretes substances which block IF from binding to vit B12 which prevents Hb synthesis (worm absorbs B12)

60
Q

How is D. latum infection diagnosed?

A

eggs in feces

61
Q

How is D. latum infection treated?

A

PZQ, niclosamide, Vit B12

62
Q

What genus causes sparganosis?

A

pseudophyllideaus

63
Q

With which stage is the human infected with sparganosis?

A

larval

64
Q

What are the three ways a person can become infected with sparganosis?

A
  1. drinks H2O that contains copepods infected w/ procercoid 2. ingest uncooked animal w/ plerocercoid (frog, snakes, birds) 3. physical contact w/ percocercoid (frog flesh or poultice)

Human Parasitology (22 decks)

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