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Parasitology > Protozoa (Blood and Tissue flagellates) > Flashcards

Protozoa (Blood and Tissue flagellates) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hemoflagellates?

A
  1. Leishmania tropica
  2. Leishmania braziliense
  3. Leishmania donovani
  4. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  5. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
  6. Trypanosoma cruz
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2
Q

These are flagellated protozoa found in peripheral blood circulation.

A

Hemoflagellates

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3
Q

Four morphological stages of axoneme

A
  1. Amastigote
  2. Promastigote
  3. Epimastigote
  4. Trypanomastigote
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4
Q

Stage of hemoflagellate that is ovoidal and lacks flagellum.

A

Amastigote/Leishmania form

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5
Q

Stage of hemoflagellate that elongated and spindle shaped with pointed end and a free flagellum that arise from the kinetoplast at the anterior end but no undulating membrane.

A

Promastigote/Leptomonas form

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6
Q

Stage of hemoflagellate that is elongated and spindle-shaped w/ free flagellum continuous from the anterior end backward along the margin of the undulating membrane and the ends of the kinetoplast which is situated anterior to the nucleus.

A

Epimastigote or Crithidia

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7
Q

Stage of hemoflagellate that elongated and spindle shaped with central nucleus. Kinetoplast lies near the posterior end. Flagellum arises posteriorly and runs as long undulating membrane.

A

Trypomastigote/Trypanosoma

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8
Q

Habitat of Leishmania donovani

A

Viseral organs (liver, spleen, lymp nodes and bone marrow)

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9
Q

Habitat of Leishmania tropica

A

Lymphoid tissue of the skin

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10
Q

Habitat of Leishmania braziliense

A

Mucous membrane of the nose, mouth, ear, larynx and pharynx

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11
Q

Mode of transmission of Leishmania spp.

A

Skin inoculation

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12
Q

Vector of Leishmania spp.

A

Sandfly/Phlebotomous spp.

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13
Q

Causative agent of Oriental Sore or Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (OWCL)

A

L. tropica

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14
Q

Causative agent of Espundia or Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL), Chiclero’s Ulceror New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (NWCL)

A

L. braziliense

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15
Q

Causative agent of Kala-azar or Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

L. donovani

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16
Q

Most common form of disease that is caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

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17
Q

Most severe form of disease that is caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Visceral leishmaniasis

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18
Q

Most disabling form of disease that is caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

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19
Q

Its distribution: Asia Minor, Middle and South West Asia, North Africa, Mediterranean, Europe and Central America

A

L. tropica

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20
Q

Its distribution: Central and South America

A

L. braziliense

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21
Q

Its distribution: India, China, Russia, Mediterranean, East and North Africa, Arabian Peninsula

A

L. donovani

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22
Q

Infective stage of Leishmania to man.

A

Promastigote

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23
Q

Stages of hemoflagellates that occur in vertebrate hosts

A

Amastigote and Trypomastigote

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24
Q

Stages of hemoflagellates that occur in invertebrate hosts

A

Promastigote, Paramastigote, and Epimastigote

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25
Q

Common reservoir host of Leishmania

A

Dogs and rodents

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26
Q

Diagnosis for Leishmania

A
  • Smear of lesion stained with Wright’s or Giemsa –Amastigote seen
  • Culture using NNN (Nicole, Novy, McNeal)
  • Serological tests: CFT, FAT, CIEP
  • Screening test: FORMOL-GEL TEST -.1ml of serum + 1 drop formalin = gel formation (+)
  • Tissue biopsy - L. braziliense
  • Skin biopsy - L. tropica
  • Bone marrow, spleen, lymph node aspirates - L. donovani
27
Q

Diagnostic stage of Leishmania spp.

A

Amastigote

28
Q

Epidemiology of Leishmania spp.

A

Endemic in 88 countries

29
Q

Treatment of Leishmania

A

Sodium Stibogluconaste and N-Methyl-glucamine Antimonite

Second line drug: Antimicrobial Amphotericin B
Pentamidine, (for Kala-Azar)
metronidazole and Nifurtimox

Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: Meglumine antimonite (Glucamine); Stibogluconate, Pentamidine of different doses.

Immunocompromise patients: Pentamidine or Paromomycin alone or in combination with any of the following, Interferon, ketoconazole, fluconazole

30
Q

Prevention and Control of Leishmania spp.

A

Protection against sandflies and avoidance in contact with infections.

31
Q

Causative agent of Chaga’s disease or American Trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

32
Q

Causative agent of West African Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

33
Q

Causative agent of East African Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

34
Q

Mode of transmission of Trypanosoma spp.

A

Skin inoculation

35
Q

In what parasite, all stages of development of Hemoflagellates are present

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

36
Q

In what parasite, Epimastigote and Trypomastigote are present.

A

Trypanosoma brucei group

37
Q

In what parasite, Amastigote and Promastigote are present.

A

Lesihmania spp.

38
Q

Infective stage of Trypanosoma spp.

A

Metacystic trypomastigote

39
Q

This is the only parasite that was discovered and studied before it was known to cause disease.

A

T. cruzi

40
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma brucei group

A

Glossina fly (Tsetse fly)

41
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatoma or Reduviid bugs (Kissing bug or Assassin bug)

42
Q

Trypanosoma spp. trophozoite exhibit a characteristic “C-shaped” (have also been described as “U-shaped or S-shaped)

A

T. cruzi

43
Q

Diagnostic stage of Trypanosome spp.

A

Trypomastigote

44
Q

True or False: Infective stage of Leishmania spp. is transmitted to man when the bug and defecates on the wound made bit its bite.

A

False.

Infective stage of T. cruzi is transmitted to man when the bug and defecates on the wound made bit its bite.

45
Q

Intermediate host of T. cruzi

A

Triatomine bugs ( Genus: Triatoma, Rhodnius, Panstrongylus)

46
Q

Epidemiology of T. cruzi

A

Chagas Disease exists only in American continent.

47
Q

Trypanosoma spp. that has pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of Romana’s sign (edema of the eyelid)

A

T. cruzi

48
Q

True or False: In humans, Trypomastigote are found I the blood streams, and the amastigote are found in tissue cells infected by T. cruzi.

A

True

49
Q

Prevention and Control of T. cruzi

A

Based on vector control-
Health education
Screening and sterilization of transfusion blood

50
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for T. cruzi

A

ID of amastigote in local lesions at bite site
Thick blood smear for the presence of trypanosomes
Xenodiagnosis: bugs are examined, these bugs are allowed to feed on patient’s blood and later examined for the presence of T. cruzi –Metacyclic Trypanosoma
Wet and stained smear of blood, lymph fluid,buffy coat, tissue –Trypomastigotes are recovered
Culture: Weinman’s medium
Blood culture
Serologic Method: immunofluorescent Ab test, Complement fixation test, Indirect hemagglutination test.-
ELISA(more specific and sensitive for the demonstration of Ab of T.cruzi)
Dot-immunobinding assay using antigen bound to nitrocellulose paper
PCR( used to amplify DNA from the kinetoplast)

51
Q

Treatment of Chaga’s Disease

A

Nifurtimox and Benznidazole are partially effective for acute phase.

52
Q

Chronic form of African Sleeping Sickness

A

Gambian or West African Sleeping Sickness

53
Q

Acute form of African Sleeping Sickness

A

Rhodesian or East African Sleeping Sickness

54
Q

The earliest signs in African Trypanosomiasis

A

Chancre

55
Q

The invasion of lymph node in chronic sleeping sickness stage.

a. Winderbottom sign
b. Kerandel’s sign
c. Romana’s sign

A

a. Winderbottom sign

56
Q

The invasion of CNS in chronic sleeping sickness stage.

a. Winderbottom sign
b. Kerandel’s sign
c. Romana’s sign

A

b. Kerandel’s sign

57
Q

True or False: Gambian Trypanosomiasis is more rapid and fatal than Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis.

A

False.

Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis is more rapid and fatal than Gambian Trypanosomiasis.

  • Onset of symptoms occur within a few days after the bite of tsetsefly.
  • Signs of CNS involvement appear ealy and neurologic deterioration is rapid. Death occurs within weeks to months
58
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for Trypanosoma brucei group

A
  • Depends upon demonstration of trypanosomiasis in Giemsa-stained blood, lymph node aspirate, CSF , CSF and buffy coat –Trypomastigotes are recovered.
  • In addition to Thick and Thin films, Buffy coat concentration method is recommended to determine the parasite when they occurin low numbers.
  • Serologic Technique: Indirect hemagglutination, Enzyme-link Immunosorbent Assay, Immunofluorescence.
59
Q

Treatment for T. brucei group infection

A

-Pentamidine and Suramin (although neither has been found to reach the CNS)-Melarsopral

60
Q

Epidemiology of T. brucei group

A

Endemic in area known as “TSETSE BELT”

61
Q

Prevention and Control of T. brucei group

A

Reduction of contact with tsetse flies by means of control measures against them.
Trimming the bush are effective means of control

62
Q

Reservoir host of T. brucei gambiense

A

Human

63
Q

Reservoir host of T. brucie rhodesiense

A

Cattle

Parasitology (6 decks)

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