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Protozoa (Blood and Tissue flagellates) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hemoflagellates?

A
  1. Leishmania tropica
  2. Leishmania braziliense
  3. Leishmania donovani
  4. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  5. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
  6. Trypanosoma cruz
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2
Q

These are flagellated protozoa found in peripheral blood circulation.

A

Hemoflagellates

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3
Q

Four morphological stages of axoneme

A
  1. Amastigote
  2. Promastigote
  3. Epimastigote
  4. Trypanomastigote
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4
Q

Stage of hemoflagellate that is ovoidal and lacks flagellum.

A

Amastigote/Leishmania form

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5
Q

Stage of hemoflagellate that elongated and spindle shaped with pointed end and a free flagellum that arise from the kinetoplast at the anterior end but no undulating membrane.

A

Promastigote/Leptomonas form

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6
Q

Stage of hemoflagellate that is elongated and spindle-shaped w/ free flagellum continuous from the anterior end backward along the margin of the undulating membrane and the ends of the kinetoplast which is situated anterior to the nucleus.

A

Epimastigote or Crithidia

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7
Q

Stage of hemoflagellate that elongated and spindle shaped with central nucleus. Kinetoplast lies near the posterior end. Flagellum arises posteriorly and runs as long undulating membrane.

A

Trypomastigote/Trypanosoma

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8
Q

Habitat of Leishmania donovani

A

Viseral organs (liver, spleen, lymp nodes and bone marrow)

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9
Q

Habitat of Leishmania tropica

A

Lymphoid tissue of the skin

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10
Q

Habitat of Leishmania braziliense

A

Mucous membrane of the nose, mouth, ear, larynx and pharynx

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11
Q

Mode of transmission of Leishmania spp.

A

Skin inoculation

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12
Q

Vector of Leishmania spp.

A

Sandfly/Phlebotomous spp.

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13
Q

Causative agent of Oriental Sore or Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (OWCL)

A

L. tropica

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14
Q

Causative agent of Espundia or Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL), Chiclero’s Ulceror New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (NWCL)

A

L. braziliense

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15
Q

Causative agent of Kala-azar or Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

L. donovani

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16
Q

Most common form of disease that is caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

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17
Q

Most severe form of disease that is caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Visceral leishmaniasis

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18
Q

Most disabling form of disease that is caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

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19
Q

Its distribution: Asia Minor, Middle and South West Asia, North Africa, Mediterranean, Europe and Central America

A

L. tropica

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20
Q

Its distribution: Central and South America

A

L. braziliense

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21
Q

Its distribution: India, China, Russia, Mediterranean, East and North Africa, Arabian Peninsula

A

L. donovani

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22
Q

Infective stage of Leishmania to man.

A

Promastigote

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23
Q

Stages of hemoflagellates that occur in vertebrate hosts

A

Amastigote and Trypomastigote

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24
Q

Stages of hemoflagellates that occur in invertebrate hosts

A

Promastigote, Paramastigote, and Epimastigote

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25
Common reservoir host of Leishmania
Dogs and rodents
26
Diagnosis for Leishmania
* Smear of lesion stained with Wright’s or Giemsa –Amastigote seen * Culture using NNN (Nicole, Novy, McNeal) * Serological tests: CFT, FAT, CIEP * Screening test: FORMOL-GEL TEST -.1ml of serum + 1 drop formalin = gel formation (+) * Tissue biopsy - L. braziliense * Skin biopsy - L. tropica * Bone marrow, spleen, lymph node aspirates - L. donovani
27
Diagnostic stage of Leishmania spp.
Amastigote
28
Epidemiology of Leishmania spp.
Endemic in 88 countries
29
Treatment of Leishmania
Sodium Stibogluconaste and N-Methyl-glucamine Antimonite Second line drug: Antimicrobial Amphotericin B Pentamidine, (for Kala-Azar) metronidazole and Nifurtimox Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: Meglumine antimonite (Glucamine); Stibogluconate, Pentamidine of different doses. Immunocompromise patients: Pentamidine or Paromomycin alone or in combination with any of the following, Interferon, ketoconazole, fluconazole
30
Prevention and Control of Leishmania spp.
Protection against sandflies and avoidance in contact with infections.
31
Causative agent of Chaga’s disease or American Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
32
Causative agent of West African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
33
Causative agent of East African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
34
Mode of transmission of Trypanosoma spp.
Skin inoculation
35
In what parasite, all stages of development of Hemoflagellates are present
Trypanosoma cruzi
36
In what parasite, Epimastigote and Trypomastigote are present.
Trypanosoma brucei group
37
In what parasite, Amastigote and Promastigote are present.
Lesihmania spp.
38
Infective stage of Trypanosoma spp.
Metacystic trypomastigote
39
This is the only parasite that was discovered and studied before it was known to cause disease.
T. cruzi
40
Vector of Trypanosoma brucei group
Glossina fly (Tsetse fly)
41
Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatoma or Reduviid bugs (Kissing bug or Assassin bug)
42
Trypanosoma spp. trophozoite exhibit a characteristic “C-shaped" (have also been described as “U-shaped or S-shaped)
T. cruzi
43
Diagnostic stage of Trypanosome spp.
Trypomastigote
44
True or False: Infective stage of Leishmania spp. is transmitted to man when the bug and defecates on the wound made bit its bite.
False. Infective stage of T. cruzi is transmitted to man when the bug and defecates on the wound made bit its bite.
45
Intermediate host of T. cruzi
Triatomine bugs ( Genus: Triatoma, Rhodnius, Panstrongylus)
46
Epidemiology of T. cruzi
Chagas Disease exists only in American continent.
47
Trypanosoma spp. that has pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of Romana’s sign (edema of the eyelid)
T. cruzi
48
True or False: In humans, Trypomastigote are found I the blood streams, and the amastigote are found in tissue cells infected by T. cruzi.
True
49
Prevention and Control of T. cruzi
Based on vector control- Health education Screening and sterilization of transfusion blood
50
Laboratory diagnosis for T. cruzi
ID of amastigote in local lesions at bite site Thick blood smear for the presence of trypanosomes Xenodiagnosis: bugs are examined, these bugs are allowed to feed on patient’s blood and later examined for the presence of T. cruzi –Metacyclic Trypanosoma Wet and stained smear of blood, lymph fluid,buffy coat, tissue –Trypomastigotes are recovered Culture: Weinman’s medium Blood culture Serologic Method: immunofluorescent Ab test, Complement fixation test, Indirect hemagglutination test.- ELISA(more specific and sensitive for the demonstration of Ab of T.cruzi) Dot-immunobinding assay using antigen bound to nitrocellulose paper PCR( used to amplify DNA from the kinetoplast)
51
Treatment of Chaga's Disease
Nifurtimox and Benznidazole are partially effective for acute phase.
52
Chronic form of African Sleeping Sickness
Gambian or West African Sleeping Sickness
53
Acute form of African Sleeping Sickness
Rhodesian or East African Sleeping Sickness
54
The earliest signs in African Trypanosomiasis
Chancre
55
The invasion of lymph node in chronic sleeping sickness stage. a. Winderbottom sign b. Kerandel's sign c. Romana's sign
a. Winderbottom sign
56
The invasion of CNS in chronic sleeping sickness stage. a. Winderbottom sign b. Kerandel's sign c. Romana's sign
b. Kerandel's sign
57
True or False: Gambian Trypanosomiasis is more rapid and fatal than Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis.
False. Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis is more rapid and fatal than Gambian Trypanosomiasis. - Onset of symptoms occur within a few days after the bite of tsetsefly. - Signs of CNS involvement appear ealy and neurologic deterioration is rapid. Death occurs within weeks to months
58
Laboratory diagnosis for Trypanosoma brucei group
- Depends upon demonstration of trypanosomiasis in Giemsa-stained blood, lymph node aspirate, CSF , CSF and buffy coat –Trypomastigotes are recovered. - In addition to Thick and Thin films, Buffy coat concentration method is recommended to determine the parasite when they occurin low numbers. - Serologic Technique: Indirect hemagglutination, Enzyme-link Immunosorbent Assay, Immunofluorescence.
59
Treatment for T. brucei group infection
-Pentamidine and Suramin (although neither has been found to reach the CNS)-Melarsopral
60
Epidemiology of T. brucei group
Endemic in area known as “TSETSE BELT”
61
Prevention and Control of T. brucei group
Reduction of contact with tsetse flies by means of control measures against them. Trimming the bush are effective means of control
62
Reservoir host of T. brucei gambiense
Human
63
Reservoir host of T. brucie rhodesiense
Cattle

Parasitology (6 decks)

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