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SA Parasitology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia spp. hosts

A

Mammals, birds, amphibians

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2
Q

What are the two main stages of the Giardia spp. lifestyle?

A

Cysts and trophozoites

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3
Q

Giardia duodenalis clinical signs

A

Usually none, malabsorption, diarrhea

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4
Q

Giardia duodenalis diagnosis

A

Fecal exam, ELISA

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5
Q

Giardia duodenalis treatment (dogs and cats)

A

Fenbendazole 50mg/kg SID for 5 days, can extend to 10 days

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6
Q

Giardia duodenalis treatment (+ infection, but asymptomatic)

A

Treat all animals in house once, DO NOT repeat treatment if asymptomatic

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7
Q

What organism causes feline tritrichomoniasis?

A

Tritrichomonas blagburni

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8
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni characteristics

A

Forms pseudocysts, longitudinal binary fission

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9
Q

Feline tritrichomoniasis clinical signs

A

Chronic, large bowel diarrhea

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10
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni transmission

A

Fecal-oral route, can survive outside host

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11
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni diagnosis

A

Direct fecal smear, culture, PCR, colonic biopsy

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12
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni treatment and control

A

No approved treatment, ronidazole and metronidazole have demonstrated efficacy

Keep infected cats away from other cats

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13
Q

Non-pathogenic trichomonas species

A

Pentratrichomonas hominis

Tritrichomonas canistomae, T. felistomae

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14
Q

Pentratrichomonas hominis host/location

A

mammals; cecum and colon

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15
Q

Tritrichomonas canistomae, T. felistomae host/location

A

dogs and cats; mouth

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16
Q

Characteristics of trypanosomes

A

Parasites of vertebrates (blood and tissue), usually transmitted by arthropod vector, most not pathogenic

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17
Q

Physical characteristics of trypanosomes

A

Kinetoplast
Pleomorphic
Cytoskeleton (with microtubules)
Single nucleus

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18
Q

Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi in humans

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19
Q

American Trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs, cats, possums, and racoons

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20
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi vector

A

Reduviid bug

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21
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi morphology (2 different stages)

A

Trypomastigote (subterminal kinetoplast) and amastigote

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22
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi infective stage

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote passed in feces of IH

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23
Q

Amastigotes

A

Form pseudocysts in host tissues

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24
Q

American Trypanosomiasis in dogs (distribution, deaths, transmission)

A

Sporting dogs (52%) and working dogs (13%), 50% acute deaths in dogs <1 yr, transmission in utero and via milk reported

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25
Q

American Trypanosomiasis in dogs acute phase

A

Trypomastigotes circulating in blood, fever, anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea

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26
Q

American Trypanosomiasis in dogs chronic phase

A

Trypomastigotes no longer circulating, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, anemia, respiratory difficulty

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27
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis

A

Serological testing (TESA blot, ELISA, IFA), blood smear, xenodiagnosis

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28
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi treatment

A

Most experimental, low efficacy, treatment over 2-3 months (benzidazole, ravuconazole)

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29
Q

Cystoisospora and Eimeria spp. general characteristics

A

Stenoxenous (narrow host range), worldwide distribution, organ specificity, monoxenous (parasitize 1 host)

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30
Q

Cystoisospora spp. physical characteristics

A

2 sporocysts/4 sporozoites each

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31
Q

Eimeria spp. physical characteristics

A

4 sporocysts/2 sporozoites each

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32
Q

Coccidia species

A

Cystoisospora and Eimeria spp.

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33
Q

Cystoisospora and Eimeria spp. reproduction

A

Schizogony (asexual) - multiple fission

Gamogony (sexual) - union of dissimilar gametes

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34
Q

Coccidia transmission

A

Ingestion of sporulated oocyst from contaminated soil, food, water, bedding, litter

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35
Q

Coccidia clinical signs (dogs and cats)

A

Occasional diarrhea, death in young animals, enteritis

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36
Q

Is coccidia zoonotic?

A

No!

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37
Q

How to control coccidia in environment

A

Promptly remove feces

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38
Q

Coccidia treatment

A 
Lots of options
Sulfadimexothime
Furazolidone
Amprolium
Ponazuril
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39
Q

Which coccidia species is a spurious parasite (not a true parasite)?

A

Eimeria (usually dogs, but also cats)

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40
Q

Cryptosporidium spp. host/location

A

dogs (C. canis), cats (C. felis); small intestine

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41
Q

Are canine and feline cryptosporidium spp. zoonotic?

A

Rarely

42
Q

Cryptosporidium prepatent period

A

3-6 days

43
Q

Cryptosporidium infective stage

A

sporulated oocyst

44
Q

Cryptosporidium life cycle

A

Similar to coccidia spp.

Differs in that parasite inhabits microvillus border of epithelial cells in a variety of organs

45
Q

Cryptosporidium methods of transmission

A
  1. direct (in feces)
  2. Contaminated fomites (food, equipment, hands, shoes, boots, clothing)
  3. water
46
Q

Cryptosporidium oocyte resistance

A 
Physical disinfection (high/low temps, UV radiation)
Chemical disinfection - Chlorine, hypochlorite (high concentrations and long contact time)
Lots of cleaners just don't work (ethanol, Lysol, formaldehyde, betadine)
47
Q

Cryptosporidium clinical signs

A

Most infections subclinical

Healthy dogs/cats - infection self-limiting (watery diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration)

48
Q

Cryptosporidium diagnosis

A

Fecal float/smear, direct fluorescent antibody test, ELISA, PCR, histopathology

49
Q

Cryptosporidium treatment

A 
Few drugs effective
Nitazoxanide (human drug recently approved for animals)
Paromoycin
Tylosin
Azithromycin
50
Q

Toxoplasma gondii general characteristic

A

obligate, intracellular parasite

51
Q

Toxoplasma gondii intermediate host

A

most mammals

52
Q

Toxoplasma gondii definitive host

A

members of Felidae family

53
Q

Toxoplasma gondii transmission

A

Acquired - ingested oocyts, consumption of raw/undercooked meet

Congenital - transplacental

54
Q

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites

A

rapidly dividing tissue stages found in liver, lungs, spleen or lymph nodes

This is the stage that is passed transplacentally

55
Q

Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites

A

slowly dividing tissue stages found in heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and eye, accumulate in cysts

56
Q

Toxoplasma gondii lifecycle definitive host

A

Different prepatent periods depending what is ingested (oocyst, tachyzoite, bradyzoite)

Oocysts sporulate 1-5 days

57
Q

Toxoplasma gondii lifecycle intermediate host

A

Tachyzoites develop within 12 hours PI, bradyzoites develop after 6 days

58
Q

Toxoplasma gondii oocyst shedding in infected cats

A

Studies indicate that cats shed ONCE

Seroconvert 2-3 weeks PI (most have already shed by that time)

59
Q

Toxoplasma gondii clinical signs cat

A

Pneumonia, anorexia, depression

60
Q

Toxoplasma gondii diagnosis

A

Fecal exam, serology (ELISA, IFA), histopath, PCR

61
Q

Toxoplasma gondii treatment

A

Pyrimethamine + sulfonamide
Clindamycin
Trimethoprim sulfadiazine

62
Q

Toxoplasma gondii zoonosis

A

Neurologic disease, stillbirth, birth defects

Cook meat thoroughly, change litter box daily, wear gloves when gardening

63
Q

Neospora caninum definitive host

A

Dogs, coyotes

64
Q

Neospora caninum intermediate hosts

A

cattle, sheep, goats, deer, many mammals, birds

65
Q

Neospora caninum transmission

A

Acquired - ingesting oocyts, eating undercooked meat

Congenital - transplacental

66
Q

Neospora caninum lifecycle

A

Similar to toxoplasma gondii
Bradyzoites usually in CNS
Oocyst sporulates within 24 hours

67
Q

Neospora caninum clinical signs

A

Most severe in congenitally affected puppies - limb paralysis or hind limb hyperextension

Generalized CNS disease in older animals

68
Q

Neospora caninum diagnosis

A

Fecal, ELISA, biopsy, PCR

69
Q

Neospora caninum treatment

A

Adults/older puppies: Trimethoprim sulfadiazine AND pyrimethamine or clindamycin

Puppies 9-13 weeks: clindamycin

70
Q

Hammondia spp. lifecycle

A

Obligatory 2 host

71
Q

Hammondia spp. transmission (DH vs. IH)

A

DH: ingests bradyzoites
IH: ingests oocysts

72
Q

Hammondia hammondi hosts

A

DH: cat
IH: rodents, pigs, dogs

73
Q

Hammondia hammondi pathogenicity

A

Non-pathogenic

74
Q

Hammondia heydorni hosts

A

DH: dogs, coyotes
IH: cattle, camel, sheep, goats

75
Q

Hammondia heydorni pathogenicity

A

sometimes diarrhea

76
Q

Can Hammondia spp. be transmitted congenitally?

A

NO

77
Q

Hammondia spp. diagnosis

A

Morphologically idential to Toxoplasma and Neospora

Fecal flotation, PCR, serology

78
Q

Sarcocystis spp. definitive host

A

carnivore

79
Q

Sarcocystis spp. intermediate host

A

herbivore

80
Q

Sarcocystis spp. transmission (DH vs. IH)

A

DH: ingests sarcocysts
IH: ingests sporocysts

81
Q

Sarcosporidiosis diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation, western blot, biopsy, PCR, history

82
Q

Cytauxzoon felis DH

A

cats

83
Q

Cytauxzoon felis IH

A

Dermacentor variabilis, Ambylomma americanum

84
Q

Cytauxzoon felis reservoir host

A

bobcat

85
Q

Cytauxzoon felis piroplasms

A

Invasive stages

86
Q

How do cats get infected with Cytauxzoon felis?

A

Merozoites from infected tick enter cat macrophages, schizogony occurs

87
Q

Cytauxzoon felis most destructive stage

A

Schizogenous stage

88
Q

Cytauxzoon felis diagnosis

A

Giemsa stained blood smear, PCR, biopsy

89
Q

Cytauxzoon felis treatment

A

Supportive care, Azithromycin and Atovaquone

90
Q

Babesia canis vertebrate host

A

dogs, wolves, jackals

91
Q

Babesia canis arthropod host

A

Ixodid ticks - Dermacentor spp. or Rhipicephalus sanguineus

92
Q

Babesia gibsoni vertebrate host

A

canids

93
Q

Babesia gibsoni arthropod host

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in U.S.

94
Q

Babesia canis disease in adults vs. puppies

A

Adults - usually carriers, mild disease

Puppies - severe disease

95
Q

Babesia canis transmission

A

Ticks

96
Q

Babesia gibsoni disease in adults vs. puppies

A

same disease, any age

97
Q

Babesia gibsoni transmission

A

Fighting, ear cropping, tail docking, blood transfusions, transplacentally

98
Q

Babesia spp. pathogenicity

A

Erythrocyte destruction and anemia, thrombocytopenia

99
Q

Babesia spp. diagnosis

A

Blood smear (piroplasms only evident if clinically affected), IFA, PCR

100
Q

Babesia canis treatment

A

Imidocarb diproprionate, no therapy required if mild anemia

101
Q

Babesia gibsoni treatment

A

Azithromycin and Atovaquone, supportive care, relapse more likely than in Babesia canis

SA Parasitology (6 decks)

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