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SA Parasitology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia spp. hosts

A

Mammals, birds, amphibians

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2
Q

What are the two main stages of the Giardia spp. lifestyle?

A

Cysts and trophozoites

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3
Q

Giardia duodenalis clinical signs

A

Usually none, malabsorption, diarrhea

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4
Q

Giardia duodenalis diagnosis

A

Fecal exam, ELISA

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5
Q

Giardia duodenalis treatment (dogs and cats)

A

Fenbendazole 50mg/kg SID for 5 days, can extend to 10 days

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6
Q

Giardia duodenalis treatment (+ infection, but asymptomatic)

A

Treat all animals in house once, DO NOT repeat treatment if asymptomatic

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7
Q

What organism causes feline tritrichomoniasis?

A

Tritrichomonas blagburni

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8
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni characteristics

A

Forms pseudocysts, longitudinal binary fission

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9
Q

Feline tritrichomoniasis clinical signs

A

Chronic, large bowel diarrhea

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10
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni transmission

A

Fecal-oral route, can survive outside host

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11
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni diagnosis

A

Direct fecal smear, culture, PCR, colonic biopsy

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12
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni treatment and control

A

No approved treatment, ronidazole and metronidazole have demonstrated efficacy

Keep infected cats away from other cats

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13
Q

Non-pathogenic trichomonas species

A

Pentratrichomonas hominis

Tritrichomonas canistomae, T. felistomae

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14
Q

Pentratrichomonas hominis host/location

A

mammals; cecum and colon

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15
Q

Tritrichomonas canistomae, T. felistomae host/location

A

dogs and cats; mouth

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16
Q

Characteristics of trypanosomes

A

Parasites of vertebrates (blood and tissue), usually transmitted by arthropod vector, most not pathogenic

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17
Q

Physical characteristics of trypanosomes

A

Kinetoplast
Pleomorphic
Cytoskeleton (with microtubules)
Single nucleus

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18
Q

Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi in humans

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19
Q

American Trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs, cats, possums, and racoons

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20
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi vector

A

Reduviid bug

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21
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi morphology (2 different stages)

A

Trypomastigote (subterminal kinetoplast) and amastigote

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22
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi infective stage

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote passed in feces of IH

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23
Q

Amastigotes

A

Form pseudocysts in host tissues

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24
Q

American Trypanosomiasis in dogs (distribution, deaths, transmission)

A

Sporting dogs (52%) and working dogs (13%), 50% acute deaths in dogs <1 yr, transmission in utero and via milk reported

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25
American Trypanosomiasis in dogs acute phase
Trypomastigotes circulating in blood, fever, anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea
26
American Trypanosomiasis in dogs chronic phase
Trypomastigotes no longer circulating, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, anemia, respiratory difficulty
27
Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis
Serological testing (TESA blot, ELISA, IFA), blood smear, xenodiagnosis
28
Trypanosoma cruzi treatment
Most experimental, low efficacy, treatment over 2-3 months (benzidazole, ravuconazole)
29
Cystoisospora and Eimeria spp. general characteristics
Stenoxenous (narrow host range), worldwide distribution, organ specificity, monoxenous (parasitize 1 host)
30
Cystoisospora spp. physical characteristics
2 sporocysts/4 sporozoites each
31
Eimeria spp. physical characteristics
4 sporocysts/2 sporozoites each
32
Coccidia species
Cystoisospora and Eimeria spp.
33
Cystoisospora and Eimeria spp. reproduction
Schizogony (asexual) - multiple fission | Gamogony (sexual) - union of dissimilar gametes
34
Coccidia transmission
Ingestion of sporulated oocyst from contaminated soil, food, water, bedding, litter
35
Coccidia clinical signs (dogs and cats)
Occasional diarrhea, death in young animals, enteritis
36
Is coccidia zoonotic?
No!
37
How to control coccidia in environment
Promptly remove feces
38
Coccidia treatment
``` Lots of options Sulfadimexothime Furazolidone Amprolium Ponazuril ```
39
Which coccidia species is a spurious parasite (not a true parasite)?
Eimeria (usually dogs, but also cats)
40
Cryptosporidium spp. host/location
dogs (C. canis), cats (C. felis); small intestine
41
Are canine and feline cryptosporidium spp. zoonotic?
Rarely
42
Cryptosporidium prepatent period
3-6 days
43
Cryptosporidium infective stage
sporulated oocyst
44
Cryptosporidium life cycle
Similar to coccidia spp. | Differs in that parasite inhabits microvillus border of epithelial cells in a variety of organs
45
Cryptosporidium methods of transmission
1. direct (in feces) 2. Contaminated fomites (food, equipment, hands, shoes, boots, clothing) 3. water
46
Cryptosporidium oocyte resistance
``` Physical disinfection (high/low temps, UV radiation) Chemical disinfection - Chlorine, hypochlorite (high concentrations and long contact time) Lots of cleaners just don't work (ethanol, Lysol, formaldehyde, betadine) ```
47
Cryptosporidium clinical signs
Most infections subclinical | Healthy dogs/cats - infection self-limiting (watery diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration)
48
Cryptosporidium diagnosis
Fecal float/smear, direct fluorescent antibody test, ELISA, PCR, histopathology
49
Cryptosporidium treatment
``` Few drugs effective Nitazoxanide (human drug recently approved for animals) Paromoycin Tylosin Azithromycin ```
50
Toxoplasma gondii general characteristic
obligate, intracellular parasite
51
Toxoplasma gondii intermediate host
most mammals
52
Toxoplasma gondii definitive host
members of Felidae family
53
Toxoplasma gondii transmission
Acquired - ingested oocyts, consumption of raw/undercooked meet Congenital - transplacental
54
Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites
rapidly dividing tissue stages found in liver, lungs, spleen or lymph nodes This is the stage that is passed transplacentally
55
Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites
slowly dividing tissue stages found in heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and eye, accumulate in cysts
56
Toxoplasma gondii lifecycle definitive host
Different prepatent periods depending what is ingested (oocyst, tachyzoite, bradyzoite) Oocysts sporulate 1-5 days
57
Toxoplasma gondii lifecycle intermediate host
Tachyzoites develop within 12 hours PI, bradyzoites develop after 6 days
58
Toxoplasma gondii oocyst shedding in infected cats
Studies indicate that cats shed ONCE | Seroconvert 2-3 weeks PI (most have already shed by that time)
59
Toxoplasma gondii clinical signs cat
Pneumonia, anorexia, depression
60
Toxoplasma gondii diagnosis
Fecal exam, serology (ELISA, IFA), histopath, PCR
61
Toxoplasma gondii treatment
Pyrimethamine + sulfonamide Clindamycin Trimethoprim sulfadiazine
62
Toxoplasma gondii zoonosis
Neurologic disease, stillbirth, birth defects | Cook meat thoroughly, change litter box daily, wear gloves when gardening
63
Neospora caninum definitive host
Dogs, coyotes
64
Neospora caninum intermediate hosts
cattle, sheep, goats, deer, many mammals, birds
65
Neospora caninum transmission
Acquired - ingesting oocyts, eating undercooked meat | Congenital - transplacental
66
Neospora caninum lifecycle
Similar to toxoplasma gondii Bradyzoites usually in CNS Oocyst sporulates within 24 hours
67
Neospora caninum clinical signs
Most severe in congenitally affected puppies - limb paralysis or hind limb hyperextension Generalized CNS disease in older animals
68
Neospora caninum diagnosis
Fecal, ELISA, biopsy, PCR
69
Neospora caninum treatment
Adults/older puppies: Trimethoprim sulfadiazine AND pyrimethamine or clindamycin Puppies 9-13 weeks: clindamycin
70
Hammondia spp. lifecycle
Obligatory 2 host
71
Hammondia spp. transmission (DH vs. IH)
DH: ingests bradyzoites IH: ingests oocysts
72
Hammondia hammondi hosts
DH: cat IH: rodents, pigs, dogs
73
Hammondia hammondi pathogenicity
Non-pathogenic
74
Hammondia heydorni hosts
DH: dogs, coyotes IH: cattle, camel, sheep, goats
75
Hammondia heydorni pathogenicity
sometimes diarrhea
76
Can Hammondia spp. be transmitted congenitally?
NO
77
Hammondia spp. diagnosis
Morphologically idential to Toxoplasma and Neospora Fecal flotation, PCR, serology
78
Sarcocystis spp. definitive host
carnivore
79
Sarcocystis spp. intermediate host
herbivore
80
Sarcocystis spp. transmission (DH vs. IH)
DH: ingests sarcocysts IH: ingests sporocysts
81
Sarcosporidiosis diagnosis
Fecal flotation, western blot, biopsy, PCR, history
82
Cytauxzoon felis DH
cats
83
Cytauxzoon felis IH
Dermacentor variabilis, Ambylomma americanum
84
Cytauxzoon felis reservoir host
bobcat
85
Cytauxzoon felis piroplasms
Invasive stages
86
How do cats get infected with Cytauxzoon felis?
Merozoites from infected tick enter cat macrophages, schizogony occurs
87
Cytauxzoon felis most destructive stage
Schizogenous stage
88
Cytauxzoon felis diagnosis
Giemsa stained blood smear, PCR, biopsy
89
Cytauxzoon felis treatment
Supportive care, Azithromycin and Atovaquone
90
Babesia canis vertebrate host
dogs, wolves, jackals
91
Babesia canis arthropod host
Ixodid ticks - Dermacentor spp. or Rhipicephalus sanguineus
92
Babesia gibsoni vertebrate host
canids
93
Babesia gibsoni arthropod host
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in U.S.
94
Babesia canis disease in adults vs. puppies
Adults - usually carriers, mild disease | Puppies - severe disease
95
Babesia canis transmission
Ticks
96
Babesia gibsoni disease in adults vs. puppies
same disease, any age
97
Babesia gibsoni transmission
Fighting, ear cropping, tail docking, blood transfusions, transplacentally
98
Babesia spp. pathogenicity
Erythrocyte destruction and anemia, thrombocytopenia
99
Babesia spp. diagnosis
Blood smear (piroplasms only evident if clinically affected), IFA, PCR
100
Babesia canis treatment
Imidocarb diproprionate, no therapy required if mild anemia
101
Babesia gibsoni treatment
Azithromycin and Atovaquone, supportive care, relapse more likely than in Babesia canis

SA Parasitology (6 decks)

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