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SA Parasitology > Nematodes Part 1 > Flashcards

Nematodes Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Toxocara canis definitive host/location

A

dogs; small intestine

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2
Q

Toxocara cati definitive host/location

A

cats; small intestine

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3
Q

Toxascaris leonina definitive host/location

A

dogs, cats; small intestine

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4
Q

Toxascaris leonina eggs

A

Hyaline center, smooth shell

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5
Q

Toxocara canis infective stage

A

Egg with L2

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6
Q

Toxocara canis possible routes of transmission

A
  1. Direct (ingestion)
  2. Prenatal/transuterine
  3. Colostral/lactogenic
  4. Ingestion of paratenic host
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7
Q

Toxocara canis direct transmission dogs < 3 mo

A

Penetrates intestine, migrate heart, liver, lungs
Molts to L3 in alveoli, coughed up and swallowed
Matures as L4/L5 in small intestine

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8
Q

Toxocara canis prepatent period

A

3-4 weeks

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9
Q

Toxocara canis direct transmission dogs > 3 mo

A

Penetrates intestine, L2 encyst (hypobiotic) in various tissues
No maturation occurs

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10
Q

Toxocara canis prenatal/transuterine transmission

A

Hypobiotic L2 migrate to liver of fetus and molt to L3
L3 in lungs at birth, coughed up, swallowed
Eggs found in puppy feces 23-40 days old

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11
Q

Toxocara canis colostral/lactogenic transmission

A

L2 in mammary tissue, passed to puppies via colostrum, NO MIGRATION

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12
Q

Toxocara canis paratenic host transmission

A

Ingest paratenic host with encysted L2

NO MIGRATION

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13
Q

Toxocara cati prepatent period

A

8 weeks

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14
Q

Toxocara cati modes of transmission

A
  1. Direct - tracheal migration
  2. Ingest paratenic host (rodents, cockroaches, earthworms)
  3. Lactogenic (if newly infected)
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15
Q

Toxascaris leonina modes of transmission

A
  1. Direct - NO MIGRATION

2. Ingestion of paratenic host

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16
Q

Ascarids clinical signs

A

Pneumonia (migrations), vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal obstruction, focal lesions in CNS (migrations)

More problematic in young puppies/kittens

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17
Q

Ascarid diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation

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18
Q

Ascarid treatment dogs and cats

A

fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, pyrantel pamoate

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19
Q

Ascarid treatment T. cati

A

Selamectin, emodepside

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20
Q

Ascarid treatment pregnant animals

A

Fenbendazole, ivermectin

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21
Q

Is Toxocara canis zoonotic?

A

Yes, humans paratenic host

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22
Q

Visceral Larval Migrans

A

Chronic, granulomatous lesions due to larval migration of T. canis
Often liver, lungs, brain, eye

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23
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis definitive host/location

A

raccoons, dogs, kinkajous; small intestine

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24
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis direct transmission

A

Ingestion of eggs containing L2

Prepatent period 50-76 days

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25
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis ingestion of paratenic host

A

Mice, woodchuck, rabbit, birds

Prepatent period 32-38 days

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26
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis transmission to humans

A

Ingestion of larvated eggs
Dirt eating children
Ingestion of raw meat

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27
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis clinical signs

A

Usually none in dogs and raccoons

Maybe intestinal obstruction

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28
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis clinical signs in paratenic hosts

A

Depends where larva migrate (brain, lungs, tissues)

Rodents, rabbits, birds, primates (high susceptibility)
Opposums, sheep, swine, goats (low susceptibility)
Cats and raptors not affected

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29
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis treatment adults

A

Pyrantel, fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin

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30
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis treatment CNS migration

A

albendazole + steroid

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31
Q

Scientific name of esophageal worm

A

Spirocerca lupi

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32
Q

Spirocerca lupi definitive host/location

A

dogs, foxes, felids; caudal esophagus

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33
Q

Spirocerca lupi intermediat host

A

dung beetle

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34
Q

Spirocerca lupi infective stage

A

L3 in dung beetle

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35
Q

Spirocerca lupi prepatent period

A

5-6 mo

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36
Q

Spirocerca lupi clinical signs

A

Migrating larva - hemorrhage, inflammatory reaction, necrosis

Adult- nodule formation, obstruction of esophagus, vomiting, may develop into sarcoma

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37
Q

Spirocerca lupi diagnosis

A

Fecal flocation, endoscopy, radiographs

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38
Q

Spirocerca lupi treatment

A

Ivermectin + oral prednisone

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39
Q

Scientific names of the stomach worms

A

Physaloptera praeputialis

Physaloptera rara

40
Q

Physaloptera praeputialis definitive host/location

A

cats; stomach

41
Q

Physaloptera rara definitive host/location

A

dogs; stomach

42
Q

Physaloptera spp. possible paratenic hosts

A

Rat, frog, snake

43
Q

Physaloptera spp. intermediate hosts

A

Cockroaches, grasshoppers, coprophagous beetles

44
Q

Physaloptera spp. prepatent period

A

5-6 months

45
Q

Physaloptera spp. infective stage

A

L3 in IH or paratenic host

46
Q

Physaloptera spp. clinical signs

A

Usually asymptomatic

edematous wound in stomach, chronic vomiting, weight loss

47
Q

Physaloptera spp. diagnosis

A

Fecal or vomitus exam, endoscopy

48
Q

Physaloptera spp. treatment

A

Mebendazole, pyrantel, fenbendazole, ivermectin

49
Q

Scientific name stomach worm of cats

A

Ollulanis tricuspis

50
Q

Ollulanis tricuspis definitive host/location

A

cats, foxes, pigs, rarely dogs; stomach

51
Q

Ollulanis tricuspis infective stage

A

L3 from vomitus of infected animal (direct lifecycle), can go on to reinfect same animal

52
Q

Ollulanis tricuspis prepatent period

A

33-37 days

53
Q

Ollulanis tricuspis clinical signs

A

vomiting, chronic gastritis, weight loss

54
Q

Ollulanis tricuspis diagnosis

A

Vomitus exam, Baermann, stomach irrigation

55
Q

Ollulanis tricuspis treatment

A

Fenbendazole

56
Q

Scientific name of the threadworms

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

Strongyloides tumefaciens

57
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis definitive host/location

A

dogs, primates; small intestine

58
Q

Strongyloides tumefaciens definitive host/location

A

cats; small intestine

59
Q

Strongyloides spp. life cycle

A

Parthenogenic females (in unfavorable conditions) OR free living males and females (favorable conditions)

60
Q

Strongyloides spp. infective stage

A

L3 penetrate skin or ingested via milk or colostrum

61
Q

Strongyloides spp. clinical signs

A

Usually asymptomatic
Erosion of small intestine mucosa, diarrhea, inappetence
Young, immunocompromised animals may experience verminous pneumonia

62
Q

Strongyloides spp. diagnosis

A

Fecal exam

63
Q

Strongyloides spp. treatment

A

Ivermectin, fenbendazole

64
Q

Ancylostoma caninum definitive host/location/characteristic

A

dog; small intestine; 3 pairs of teeth

65
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeformae definitive host/location/characteristic

A

cat; small intestine; 3 pairs of teeth

66
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense definitive host/location/characteristic

A

dog, cat; small intestine; 2 pairs of teeth

67
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala definitive host/location/geographic location

A

dogs; small intestine; Northern North America

68
Q

Ancylostoma caninum infective stage

A

L3 in environment

69
Q

Ancylostoma caninum methods of infection

A
  1. Oral ingestion of L3
  2. Skin penetration by L3
  3. Prenatal/transplacental infection
  4. Lactogenic infection
  5. Ingestion of paratenic host
70
Q

Ancylostoma caninum oral infection

A

Rare, adults mature in SI, prepatent period 15-18 days

71
Q

Ancylostoma caninum skin penetration dogs < 3 mo

A

L3 penetrates skin, migrates to heart, then lungs, coughed up, swallowed, matures in SI

72
Q

Ancylostoma caninum skin penetration dogs > 3 mo

A

Migrates to blood or lymph, encysts in muscles, populate mammary glands during lactation, repopulate SI

73
Q

Ancylostoma caninum prenatal infection

A

Rare, blood stream to placenta to fetus

74
Q

Ancylostoma caninum lactogenic infection

A

Hypobiotic larva migrate to mammary glands, go to SI, no migration

75
Q

Ancylostoma caninum paratenic host

A

Mice, rats

76
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeformae lifestyle difference

A

only acquired after birth from environmental contamination, no lactogenic infection, prepatent period 18-28 days

77
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense lifestyle difference

A

Prepatent period 13-27 days

78
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala lifestyle difference

A

Oral infection most successful

79
Q

Ancylostoma spp. clinical signs

A

Bloody diarrhea, pale mucous membranes

80
Q

Which Ancylostoma spp. are most pathogenic?

A

A. caninum and A. tubaeformae - voracious blood suckers

81
Q

Peracute hookworm disease

A

Transmammary infection, puppies very weak and don’t respond well to treatment, treat bitches with fenbendazole

82
Q

Acute hookworm disease

A

Sudden exposure of older puppies, clinical signs before eggs seen, treatment usually successful

83
Q

Chronic hookworm disease

A

Usually no clinical signs, eggs in feces, low PCV

84
Q

Secondary hookworm disease

A

Older dogs, hookworms not main culprit, anemic, malnourished, emaciated

85
Q

Ancylostoma spp. diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation

86
Q

Ancylostoma spp. treatment adults

A

A. caninum - fenbendazole
A. braziliense - pyrantel
U. stenocephala - pyrantel
A. tubaeformae - ivermectin

87
Q

Ancylostoma spp. treatment L4

A

Moxidectin

88
Q

Which Ancylostoma spp. is zoonotic

A

A. braziliense, penetrates skin

89
Q

Trichuris vulpis definitive host/location

A

dog; cecum (adults), small intestine (larva)

90
Q

Trichuris campanula, Trichuris serrata definitive host/locations

A

cat; cecum (adults), small intestine (larva)

91
Q

Whipworm infective stage

A

L2 in eggs

92
Q

Whipworm prepatent period

A

74-90 days

93
Q

Trichuris spp. clinical signs

A

Most asymptomatic, adult worms are blood feeders

94
Q

Trichuris spp. diagnosis

A

Fecal examination, long prepatent period so clinical signs may develop before eggs in feces, eggs shed intermittedly

95
Q

Trichuris spp. treatment

A

Drontal plus, fenbednazole

Treat once a month for 3 months

SA Parasitology (6 decks)

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