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SA Parasitology > Nematodes Part 1 > Flashcards

Nematodes Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Toxocara canis definitive host/location

A

dogs; small intestine

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2
Q

Toxocara cati definitive host/location

A

cats; small intestine

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3
Q

Toxascaris leonina definitive host/location

A

dogs, cats; small intestine

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4
Q

Toxascaris leonina eggs

A

Hyaline center, smooth shell

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5
Q

Toxocara canis infective stage

A

Egg with L2

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6
Q

Toxocara canis possible routes of transmission

A
  1. Direct (ingestion)
  2. Prenatal/transuterine
  3. Colostral/lactogenic
  4. Ingestion of paratenic host
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7
Q

Toxocara canis direct transmission dogs < 3 mo

A

Penetrates intestine, migrate heart, liver, lungs
Molts to L3 in alveoli, coughed up and swallowed
Matures as L4/L5 in small intestine

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8
Q

Toxocara canis prepatent period

A

3-4 weeks

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9
Q

Toxocara canis direct transmission dogs > 3 mo

A

Penetrates intestine, L2 encyst (hypobiotic) in various tissues
No maturation occurs

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10
Q

Toxocara canis prenatal/transuterine transmission

A

Hypobiotic L2 migrate to liver of fetus and molt to L3
L3 in lungs at birth, coughed up, swallowed
Eggs found in puppy feces 23-40 days old

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11
Q

Toxocara canis colostral/lactogenic transmission

A

L2 in mammary tissue, passed to puppies via colostrum, NO MIGRATION

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12
Q

Toxocara canis paratenic host transmission

A

Ingest paratenic host with encysted L2

NO MIGRATION

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13
Q

Toxocara cati prepatent period

A

8 weeks

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14
Q

Toxocara cati modes of transmission

A
  1. Direct - tracheal migration
  2. Ingest paratenic host (rodents, cockroaches, earthworms)
  3. Lactogenic (if newly infected)
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15
Q

Toxascaris leonina modes of transmission

A
  1. Direct - NO MIGRATION

2. Ingestion of paratenic host

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16
Q

Ascarids clinical signs

A

Pneumonia (migrations), vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal obstruction, focal lesions in CNS (migrations)

More problematic in young puppies/kittens

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17
Q

Ascarid diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation

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18
Q

Ascarid treatment dogs and cats

A

fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, pyrantel pamoate

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19
Q

Ascarid treatment T. cati

A

Selamectin, emodepside

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20
Q

Ascarid treatment pregnant animals

A

Fenbendazole, ivermectin

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21
Q

Is Toxocara canis zoonotic?

A

Yes, humans paratenic host

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22
Q

Visceral Larval Migrans

A

Chronic, granulomatous lesions due to larval migration of T. canis
Often liver, lungs, brain, eye

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23
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis definitive host/location

A

raccoons, dogs, kinkajous; small intestine

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24
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis direct transmission

A

Ingestion of eggs containing L2

Prepatent period 50-76 days

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25
Baylisascaris procyonis ingestion of paratenic host
Mice, woodchuck, rabbit, birds | Prepatent period 32-38 days
26
Baylisascaris procyonis transmission to humans
Ingestion of larvated eggs Dirt eating children Ingestion of raw meat
27
Baylisascaris procyonis clinical signs
Usually none in dogs and raccoons | Maybe intestinal obstruction
28
Baylisascaris procyonis clinical signs in paratenic hosts
Depends where larva migrate (brain, lungs, tissues) Rodents, rabbits, birds, primates (high susceptibility) Opposums, sheep, swine, goats (low susceptibility) Cats and raptors not affected
29
Baylisascaris procyonis treatment adults
Pyrantel, fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin
30
Baylisascaris procyonis treatment CNS migration
albendazole + steroid
31
Scientific name of esophageal worm
Spirocerca lupi
32
Spirocerca lupi definitive host/location
dogs, foxes, felids; caudal esophagus
33
Spirocerca lupi intermediat host
dung beetle
34
Spirocerca lupi infective stage
L3 in dung beetle
35
Spirocerca lupi prepatent period
5-6 mo
36
Spirocerca lupi clinical signs
Migrating larva - hemorrhage, inflammatory reaction, necrosis Adult- nodule formation, obstruction of esophagus, vomiting, may develop into sarcoma
37
Spirocerca lupi diagnosis
Fecal flocation, endoscopy, radiographs
38
Spirocerca lupi treatment
Ivermectin + oral prednisone
39
Scientific names of the stomach worms
Physaloptera praeputialis | Physaloptera rara
40
Physaloptera praeputialis definitive host/location
cats; stomach
41
Physaloptera rara definitive host/location
dogs; stomach
42
Physaloptera spp. possible paratenic hosts
Rat, frog, snake
43
Physaloptera spp. intermediate hosts
Cockroaches, grasshoppers, coprophagous beetles
44
Physaloptera spp. prepatent period
5-6 months
45
Physaloptera spp. infective stage
L3 in IH or paratenic host
46
Physaloptera spp. clinical signs
Usually asymptomatic | edematous wound in stomach, chronic vomiting, weight loss
47
Physaloptera spp. diagnosis
Fecal or vomitus exam, endoscopy
48
Physaloptera spp. treatment
Mebendazole, pyrantel, fenbendazole, ivermectin
49
Scientific name stomach worm of cats
Ollulanis tricuspis
50
Ollulanis tricuspis definitive host/location
cats, foxes, pigs, rarely dogs; stomach
51
Ollulanis tricuspis infective stage
L3 from vomitus of infected animal (direct lifecycle), can go on to reinfect same animal
52
Ollulanis tricuspis prepatent period
33-37 days
53
Ollulanis tricuspis clinical signs
vomiting, chronic gastritis, weight loss
54
Ollulanis tricuspis diagnosis
Vomitus exam, Baermann, stomach irrigation
55
Ollulanis tricuspis treatment
Fenbendazole
56
Scientific name of the threadworms
Strongyloides stercoralis | Strongyloides tumefaciens
57
Strongyloides stercoralis definitive host/location
dogs, primates; small intestine
58
Strongyloides tumefaciens definitive host/location
cats; small intestine
59
Strongyloides spp. life cycle
Parthenogenic females (in unfavorable conditions) OR free living males and females (favorable conditions)
60
Strongyloides spp. infective stage
L3 penetrate skin or ingested via milk or colostrum
61
Strongyloides spp. clinical signs
Usually asymptomatic Erosion of small intestine mucosa, diarrhea, inappetence Young, immunocompromised animals may experience verminous pneumonia
62
Strongyloides spp. diagnosis
Fecal exam
63
Strongyloides spp. treatment
Ivermectin, fenbendazole
64
Ancylostoma caninum definitive host/location/characteristic
dog; small intestine; 3 pairs of teeth
65
Ancylostoma tubaeformae definitive host/location/characteristic
cat; small intestine; 3 pairs of teeth
66
Ancylostoma braziliense definitive host/location/characteristic
dog, cat; small intestine; 2 pairs of teeth
67
Uncinaria stenocephala definitive host/location/geographic location
dogs; small intestine; Northern North America
68
Ancylostoma caninum infective stage
L3 in environment
69
Ancylostoma caninum methods of infection
1. Oral ingestion of L3 2. Skin penetration by L3 3. Prenatal/transplacental infection 4. Lactogenic infection 5. Ingestion of paratenic host
70
Ancylostoma caninum oral infection
Rare, adults mature in SI, prepatent period 15-18 days
71
Ancylostoma caninum skin penetration dogs < 3 mo
L3 penetrates skin, migrates to heart, then lungs, coughed up, swallowed, matures in SI
72
Ancylostoma caninum skin penetration dogs > 3 mo
Migrates to blood or lymph, encysts in muscles, populate mammary glands during lactation, repopulate SI
73
Ancylostoma caninum prenatal infection
Rare, blood stream to placenta to fetus
74
Ancylostoma caninum lactogenic infection
Hypobiotic larva migrate to mammary glands, go to SI, no migration
75
Ancylostoma caninum paratenic host
Mice, rats
76
Ancylostoma tubaeformae lifestyle difference
only acquired after birth from environmental contamination, no lactogenic infection, prepatent period 18-28 days
77
Ancylostoma braziliense lifestyle difference
Prepatent period 13-27 days
78
Uncinaria stenocephala lifestyle difference
Oral infection most successful
79
Ancylostoma spp. clinical signs
Bloody diarrhea, pale mucous membranes
80
Which Ancylostoma spp. are most pathogenic?
A. caninum and A. tubaeformae - voracious blood suckers
81
Peracute hookworm disease
Transmammary infection, puppies very weak and don't respond well to treatment, treat bitches with fenbendazole
82
Acute hookworm disease
Sudden exposure of older puppies, clinical signs before eggs seen, treatment usually successful
83
Chronic hookworm disease
Usually no clinical signs, eggs in feces, low PCV
84
Secondary hookworm disease
Older dogs, hookworms not main culprit, anemic, malnourished, emaciated
85
Ancylostoma spp. diagnosis
Fecal flotation
86
Ancylostoma spp. treatment adults
A. caninum - fenbendazole A. braziliense - pyrantel U. stenocephala - pyrantel A. tubaeformae - ivermectin
87
Ancylostoma spp. treatment L4
Moxidectin
88
Which Ancylostoma spp. is zoonotic
A. braziliense, penetrates skin
89
Trichuris vulpis definitive host/location
dog; cecum (adults), small intestine (larva)
90
Trichuris campanula, Trichuris serrata definitive host/locations
cat; cecum (adults), small intestine (larva)
91
Whipworm infective stage
L2 in eggs
92
Whipworm prepatent period
74-90 days
93
Trichuris spp. clinical signs
Most asymptomatic, adult worms are blood feeders
94
Trichuris spp. diagnosis
Fecal examination, long prepatent period so clinical signs may develop before eggs in feces, eggs shed intermittedly
95
Trichuris spp. treatment
Drontal plus, fenbednazole | Treat once a month for 3 months

SA Parasitology (6 decks)

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