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SA Parasitology > Nematodes Part 2 > Flashcards

Nematodes Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Thelazia californensis definitive host/location

A

dogs, cats, sheep, deer, humans; conjunctiva and tear ducts

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2
Q

Thelazia californensis intermediate host

A

Face fly

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3
Q

Thelazia californensis infective stage

A

L3 deposited by face fly when feeding around the eye

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4
Q

Thelazia californensis clinical signs

A

Conjunctivitis, photophobia, excessive tearing

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5
Q

Thelazia californensis diagnosis

A

Observe parasites in eyes, L1 may be present in tears

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6
Q

Thelazia californensis treatment

A

Manual removal of parasites, ivermectin, control flies

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7
Q

Scientific name of giant kidney worm

A

Dioctophyme renale

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8
Q

Dioctophyme renale definitive host/location

A

Mink is the main host, also dogs, wolves, foxes, rarely cats, humans, pigs, cattle; kidney

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9
Q

Dioctophyme renale intermediate host

A

annelid (lives on surface of crayfish)

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10
Q

Dioctophyme renale paratenic host

A

fish, frogs

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11
Q

Dioctophyme renale infective stage

A

L3 encysted in IH or paratenic host

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12
Q

Dioctophyme renale prepatent period

A

5 mo - 2 yr

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13
Q

Dioctophyme renale clinical signs

A

Usually right kidney only, blocked ureter, peritonitis, renal failure

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14
Q

Dioctophyme renale diagnosis

A

Urine, adults

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15
Q

Dioctophyme renale treatment

A

Remove kidney, remove adults

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16
Q

Pearsonema plica definitive host/location

A

dogs, wolves, foxes; urinary bladder, pelvis of kidney

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17
Q

Pearsonema feliscati definitive host/location

A

cats; urinary bladder, pelvis of kidney

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18
Q

Pearsonema spp. paratentic host

A

Earthworm

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19
Q

Pearsonema spp. infective stage

A

L1 in earthworm

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20
Q

Pearsonema spp. prepatent period

A

2 mo

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21
Q

Pearsonema spp. clinical signs

A

Cysitis, irritation of bladder mucosa, usually asymptomatic

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22
Q

Pearsonema spp. diagnosis

A

Urine

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23
Q

Pearsonema spp. treatment

A

Fenbendazole, ivermectin, may need to re-treat

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24
Q

Eucoleus aerophilus definitive host/location

A

dogs, cats, foxes; respiratory tract

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25
Q

Eucoleus boehmi definitive host/location

A

dogs, foxes; paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity

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26
Q

Eucoleus spp. infective stage

A

Direct lifecycle, L2 in eggs

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27
Q

Eucoleus spp. prepatent period

A

40 days

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28
Q

Eucoleus spp. clinical signs

A

Coughing

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29
Q

Eucoleus spp. diagnosis

A

Fecal exam

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30
Q

Eucoleus spp. treatment

A

Fenbendazole, ivermectin

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31
Q

Filaroides hirthi definitive host/location

A

dogs, coyotes; lung parenchyma

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32
Q

Filaroides osleri definitive host/location

A

dogs, coyotes; nodules at bifurcation of trachea

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33
Q

Filaroides spp. infective stage

A

Direct lifecycle, L1 in feces, saliva, or respiratory secretions

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34
Q

Filaroides hirthi prepatent period

A

5 weeks

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35
Q

Filaroides osleri prepatent period

A

6-7 months

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36
Q

Filaroides spp. diagnosis

A

Fecal floatation, Baermann, radiography, endoscopy

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37
Q

Filaroides spp. treatment

A

Fenbendazole, ivermectin, remove nodules

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38
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus definitive host/location

A

cats; lung parenchyma

39
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus intermediate host

A

land snails, slugs

40
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus paratenic host

A

rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles

41
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infective stage

A

L3 in IH or paratenic host

42
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus prepatent period

A

4-6 weeks

43
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus clinical signs

A

Coughing, nodules on lung surface

44
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus diagnosis

A

Fecal exam (L1), radiography

45
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus treatment

A

Fenbendazole, moxidectin, ivermectin?

46
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis definitive host/location

A

rats; heart, pulmonary arteries

47
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis intermediate host

A

snails, slug

48
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis incidental hosts

A

dogs, humans, horses, opossums, birds

49
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis paratenic hosts

A

crabs, shrimp, frogs, fish

50
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis infective stage

A

L3 in IH or paratenic host

51
Q

Canine neural angiostrongylosis

A

Hx of eating IH, progressive neurological signs, eosinophilic pleocytosis in CNS

Treat with prednisone, prognosis good

52
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis clinical signs

A

eosinophilic meningitis, headache, paralysis

53
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis treatment

A

Supportive care

54
Q

Scientific name guinea worm of dogs (serpent on a stick)

A

Dracunculus insignis

55
Q

Dracunculus insignis definitive host/location

A

dogs, foxes, cats, racoons, mink; subcutaneous tissues

56
Q

Dracunculus insignis intermediate host

A

copepod

57
Q

Dracunculus insignis paratenic host

A

frog

58
Q

Dracunculus insignis infective stage

A

L3 in IH or paratenic host

59
Q

Dracunculus insignis clinical signs

A

painful skin ulcers

60
Q

Dracunculus insignis diagnosis

A

observe female under skin, see L1 from skin blister in water

61
Q

Dracunculus insignis treatment

A

Fenbendazole, ivermectin (best results if treated within 90 days of infection)

62
Q

Dirofilaria immitis definitive host/location

A

dogs, cats, ferrets, sea lions; pulmonary arteries, right ventricle

63
Q

What are microfilariae?

A

Prelarval stage of Dirofilaria immitis

64
Q

Dirofilaria immitis vector/intermediate host

A

mosquitos

65
Q

What must Dirofilaria immitis be differentiated from?

A

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

66
Q

Acanthocheilonema reconditum characteristics

A

Few in blood, progressive motion, “button hook” tail, a little smaller than D. immitis

67
Q

Dirofilaria immitis occult infection

A

“hidden” infection, possibly due to single sex infection or small numbers, microfilariae NOT detectable

68
Q

Dirofilaria immitis microfilarial periodicity

A
  1. Noctural - microfilariae present during evening hours

2. Incomplete - microfilariae never disappear completely from blood in 24 hour period

69
Q

Dirofilaria immitis infective stage

A

L3 from mosquito bite

70
Q

Dirofilaria immitis prepatent period

A

6-7 months

71
Q

How many species of mosquitos harbor L3?
How many can transmit heartworm?
How many are common vectors?

A

70 species
23 transmit heartworm
14 are common

72
Q

Dirofilaria immitis clinical signs

A

Due to infection in right ventricle and pulmonary arteries (increased vascular resistence, decreased cardiace output)
Can cause villous endarteritis

73
Q

Dirofilaria immitis mild infection

A

intermittent cough, exercise fatigue, mild radiographic signs

74
Q

Dirofilaria immitis severe infection

A

Severe radiographic signs (enlarged R ventricle, pulmonary artery enlargement), PCV <20%, persistent cough, ascites

75
Q

Vena cava syndrome

A

Worms obstruct blood flow, interfere with tricuspid valve function, heart murmur, severe lethargy and weakness

76
Q

Dirofilaria immitis diagnosis

A
  1. Detect antigen

2. Detect circulating microfilariae

77
Q

When do dogs become antigen positive?

A

Most - 7 months post infection
Earliest - 5 months post infection
Missed doses of prevention may delay detection to 9 months post infection

78
Q

When do dogs become microfilariae positive?

A

Earliest - 6.5 months post infection

Dogs with missed doses of prevention, but still receiving it occassionally may never be microfilariae positive

79
Q

How often should dog’s receive antigen testing?

A

Annually

80
Q

Should we doubt test results?

A

No, there is a high sensitivity and specificity

81
Q

Antigen test: +

Microfilariae test: -

A
  1. Microfilariae not yet in circulation (maturing infection)
  2. Use of preventative without removing adult worms
  3. Use of microfilaricide without removing adult worms
  4. Unisex infection (female)
  5. Dog is true immune-mediated occult
  6. Failure to use microfilariae concentration test
82
Q

Antigen test: -

Microfilariae test: +

A
  1. Microfilariae of another species (Acanthocheilonema reconditum)
  2. Microfilariae acquired transplacentally
  3. Adult worms removed or died, but microfilariae persist
  4. Contamination of test materials from previous sample
83
Q

Antigen test: variable

Microfilariae test: Neg. or Pos.

A
  1. Fluctuating antigen level due to number of female worms, ages of worms, quality of sample
84
Q

What is Wolbachia?

A

Wolbachia pipientis (only known species), gram negative bacteria related to ehrlichia and anaplasma, endosymbiote of Dirofilaria immitis

85
Q

How is Wolbachia harmful to host?

A

Contributes to pulmonary and renal inflammation

86
Q

Melarsomide treatment (age of worms affected and dose protocol)

A

NO activity in worms <4mo

AHS recommends 3 dose treatment (one, wait 30 days, then two 24 hours apart)

87
Q

How to remove microfilariae?

A

Moxidectin (Advantage multi)

88
Q

Why wouldn’t we want to specifically treat microfilariae?

A

High microfilarial numbers

All preventatives have microfilaricidal properties to some degree

89
Q

Special name for clinical heartworm disease in cats

A

Heartworm associated respiratory disease (HARD)

90
Q

What is the pathogenesis of heartworm associated respiratory disease in cats?

A

Vascular and airway disease caused by early death of IMMATURE heartworms

91
Q

Stage 1 heartworm infection in cats

A

Immature adults in pulmonary arteries, cats tolerate worms

92
Q

Stage 2 heartworm infection in cats

A

Worms dying - pulmonary inflammation, thromboembolism

93
Q

Heartworm infection diagnosis in cats

A

Diagnosis is very difficult, low microfilariae numbers, antibody and antigen tests not very good

SA Parasitology (6 decks)

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