Protozoa 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Giardia intestinalis
-host
A
- dogs, cats, cattle, HUMANs
- Assemblage specific
2
Q
Giardia intestinalis
- ID
- site of infection
A
- trophozoites, cysts
- small intestine
3
Q
Giardia intestinalis
-pathogenesis/lesions
A
- attach to microvilli of proximal small bowel to feed, occasionally cause duodenal ulcerations
- malabsorption common
- asymtomatic, trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation
4
Q
Giardia intestinalis
- CS
- Dx
A
- none, acute or chronic diarrhea
- fecal smear demonstrates cysts and trophozoites; fecal flotation with zinc sulphate; ELISA
5
Q
Giardia intestinalis
-Tx/prevention
A
- no tx are approved in the USA for dogs and cats. Parasiticides & hygiene
- several benzimidazole remedies approved for cattle
- prevent with sanitation & disinfection
6
Q
Spironucleus (Hexamita)
- hosts
- ID
A
- Domestic & wild fowl, NOT chickens
- two nuclei, flagellated
- one species infects turkeys, one species infects pigeons
7
Q
Spironucleus (Hexamita)
-LC
A
- Same as Giardia
- birds vs mammals
- the large vs small intestine
- infectious catarrhal enteritis
- young birds affected
- droppings from carrier birds
- contamination of shoes or equipment carries fecal material to one location from another
- trophozoite and cyst stages
8
Q
Spironucleus (Hexamita)
- Site of infection
- Pathogenesis/lesions/CS
A
- Large intestine
- listlessness, watery or foamy diarrhea, rapid weight loss, severe losses in young birds of 3-5w
9
Q
Spironucleus (Hexamita)
-dx
A
history, CS, demonstrate flagellate organisms in intestinal contents
10
Q
Tritrichomonas foetus
- hosts
- ID
A
- cattle
- only trophozoite stage
- 3 anterior flagella
- undulating membrane
- pear shaped
11
Q
Tritrichomonas foetus
-LC
A
- in urogenital tract
- in the prepuce of bull
- in vagina, cervix and uterus in cows
- transmitted by coitus
12
Q
Tritrichomonas foetus
- site of infection
- pathogenesis/lesions
A
- uterus, cervix and vagina in cow
- prepuce in bull
- in bull there may be discharge, but therefore no lesions
- in cow there may be endometritis
13
Q
Trichomonosis in bulls
A
- organism survives in microscopic folds of skin that line the bull’s penis and internal sheath
- asymptomatic life time carrier
- older bulls (over 3 years) more likely to become chronically infected than younger bulls
14
Q
Trichomonosis in cows
A
- the organism lives in the vagina, cervix, uterus
- short lived, a cow or heifer can become repeatedly infected
- cow may show a subtle, mild, vaginal discharge 1-3w (pyometra)
- inflammatory response leading to early abortion
- repeated breeding leading to wide ranges of gestational ages at pregnancy checks
15
Q
Trichomonas foetus
-Dx
A
- PCR; differentiate contaminate trichomonads; also detect dead cells
- culture: slow (days), detect live cells only
16
Q
Trichomonoas foetus Diagnosis is on a herd basis:
A
- the bulls go back to work at the end of a long breeding season
- a lot of open cows at the end of a short breeding season
- 10-40% reduction in pregnant cows at pregnancy check time
- a spread out calving season
- three consecutive tests recommended for bulls, once a week for 3 consecutive weeks
17
Q
Trichomonoas foetus Dx Bulls
A
- best to test after 2 weeks of sexual rest
- usually culture for up to 7 days
- if even one bull is positive, the whole herd are assumed to have been exposed
18
Q
Trichomonoas foetus Dx Cows
A
- Usually clear infection rapidly-often in one season
- test soon after embryo death
- months delay for suggestive hx in a herd
19
Q
Tritrichomonas foetus
-Tx/prevention
A
- no approved tx
- prevention is the key
- REPORTABLE
20
Q
Feline trichomonosis
-risk factors
A
- age- one yr old or younger
- breed- purebred
- Hx of diarrhea
- co-infection w/ other enteric protozoa
21
Q
Feline trichomonosis
- transmission
- symptoms
A
- primary infection is by fecal-oral route
- asymptomatic
- symptomatic cats show diarrhea- cow pie like stools that are gassy and malodorous
22
Q
Feline trichomonosis
- Dx
- Tx
A
Direct fecal smear, fecal culturing, PRC
-Ronidazole
23
Q
Trichomonas spp
- common name
- hosts
A
- Canker (pigeons)
- Frounce (hawks)
- domestic & wild fowl
24
Q
Trichomonas
-ID
A
-trophozoite pear shaped, single nucleus, four flagella and axostyle, similar to Tritrichomonas of cattle
25
Trichomonas
| -LC
- trophozoites in oral-nasal cavity and upper digestive tract
- three modes of infection
- raptor feeding on infected prey bird
- from adult to young pigeons "pigeon milk"
- contaminated drinking water
26
Trichomonas
- site of infection
- Pathogenesis/lesions/CS
- esophagus & pharynx
- small, yellowish lesions "cankers" in mouth
- inflammation and ulceration of mucosa
- diarrhea and death may occur
27
Trichomonas
| -Dx
- demonstration of trichomonads in mucus or fluid of mouth or crop
- yellowish-white nodules of oral cavity strongly suggest Trichomonas infection
28
```
Histomonas
-common name
-hosts
-ID
site of infection
```
- Blackhead
- fowl, turkeys, Heterakis is the vector
- round to oval, pseudopodial movement
- cecum and liver
29
Pleomorphic
- cecum
- liver
- cecum= flagellum
| - liver= no flagellum
30
Histomonas
| -LC
- trophozoites pass in feces die
- trophozoites in eggs of heterakis gallinarum are infective
- birds ingest eggs with trophozoite &/ earthworm
- trophozoites released; invade cecal wall
- may migrate to liver
31
Histomonas
| -pathogenesis/lesions/CS
- causes infectious enterohepatitis
- affects young turkeys and can be fatal
- hemorrhagic liver w/ characteristic lesions: yellow to yellow-green circular depressions
- marked cecal inflammation and ulceration
32
Histomonas
- Dx
- Tx
- lesions in cecum and liver on necropsy
- trophozoites in liver or cecum
- turkeys should be reared on ground that has not been used to rear birds (chickens) for at least 2 years
