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Parasitology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Hyaline foot-like protusion of amoeba trophozoites for locomotion

A

pseudopodia

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2
Q

The nuclear membrane doesn’t break down

A

Naegleria fowleri

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3
Q

Cyst are found in tissue except for:
a. Blamuthia mandrillaris
b. Acanthamoeba spp.
c. Naegleria fowleri
d. NOTC

A

c. Naegleria fowleri
Cysts of N. fowleri are not found in the brain tissue

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4
Q

Commensals in the gingival tissue around the teeth, particularly if there is suppuration

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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5
Q

Diagnosis for Acanthamoeba spp. except:

a. Demonstration of trophozoites in CSF
b. Stool examination
c. Culture on non-nutrient agar plates seeded w/ gram negative bacteria;
d. Indirect immunofluorescent Ab stain
e. NOTC

A

b. stool examination

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6
Q

All of these exhibit sluggish movement except:

a. E. gingivalis
b. E. coli
c. E. nana
d. E. polecki

A

a. E. gingivalis

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7
Q

process of replication of Acanthamoeba spp

A

mitosis

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8
Q

2 forms of Naegleria fowleri trophozoites:

A

ameboid & ameboflagellates

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9
Q

Cosmopolitan, nonpathogenic, small amoeba found in humans, primates & pigs

A

Endolimax nana

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10
Q

process from trophozoite to cysts

A

encystation

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11
Q

location of E. histolytica undergoing excystation

A

small intestine

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12
Q

The ONLY amoeba that ingests WBC

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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13
Q

All of these have blunt pseudopodia except:

a. E. coli
b. E. histolytica
c. E. gingivalis
d. E. nana

A

b. E. histolytica
E. histolytica has finger-like pseudopodia

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14
Q

Their cysts are quadrinucleated with coarse cytoplasm; immature cyst has chromatoidal bars

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

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15
Q

Symptom of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

a. fever
b. nausea & vomiting
c. nuchal rigidity & mental status changes
d. rapid progression to coma & death
e. AOTC

A

AOTC

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16
Q

Acanthemoeba spp. have been implicated as possible reservoir for medically important bacteria; all of these are possible except:

a. mycobacterium
b. Legionella spp
c. E. coli
d. Lactus bacillus

A

d. Lactus bacillus

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17
Q

Newly described amoeba; does not have a flagella stage

A

Balamuthia mandrillaris

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18
Q

Distinct characteristic of this entamoeba is that they have the ability to grow in an environment w/ high osmotic pressure

A

Entamoeba moshkovskii

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19
Q

Between bacillary and amebic dysentery which one manifest cahrcot-leyden crystals in stool

A

amebic dysentery

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20
Q

Commonly misdiagnosed w/ amebic colitis; only that fever is common in this type of disease and there is a significantly elevated leukocyte count

A

bacillary dysentery

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21
Q

E coli or E. histolytica:
inclusions are RBCs and cysts have cigar-shaped chromatoidal bodies

A

E. histolytica

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22
Q

asexual multiplication of amoebas are done through:

A

binary fission

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23
Q

number one drug of choice for invasive amoebiasis

A

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

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24
Q

differential diagnosis of ALA includes the following except one

a. colon cancer
b. pyrogenic liver abscess
c. tuberculosis in the liver
d. hepatic carcinoma

A

a. colon cancer

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25
Q

Considered parasite of pigs & monkeys

A

Entamoeba polecki

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26
Q

incubation period of Acanthamoeba spp. for GAE

A

10 days

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27
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. has only two stages namely:

A

cysts and trophozoites

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28
Q

Naegleria spp. multiplies through ____

A

promitosis

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29
Q

Only form of Naegleria spp. that is recognized to humans

A

Amoeboid

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30
Q

Absence of PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN that aids in the identification of _____

A

E. nana

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31
Q

process from trophozoite to cysts

A

encystation

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32
Q

cysts are basket of flowers in shape

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

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33
Q

Way to differentiate E. dispar from E. histolytica clinically except

a. PCR
b. Culture
c. ELISA
d. Isoenzyme analysis

A

b. culture

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34
Q

Characteristic CSF finding for PAM (N. fowleri infection)

a. elevated WBC count w/ neutrophilic dominance
b. high protein
c. low glucose
e. only option 2 & 3
f. AOTC

A

AOTC

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35
Q

. Naegleria fowleri trophozoitesare found in

A

CSF & tissues while flagellated forms are occasionally found in CSF.

Cysts are not seen in brain tissue

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36
Q

they may produce serious infection of the CNS & the eye

A

Parasitic form of Free living amoebas

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37
Q

Acanthemoeba spp. trophozoites replicates through mitosis, what happens with the nuclear membrane during this process

A

nuclear membrane does not remain intact

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38
Q

Activated T-cells kill E. histolytica by:

a. direct lysing trophozoites
b. producing cytokines
c. providing helper effect for B-cell antibody
d. only a & c
e. AOTC

A

e. AOTC

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39
Q

All of these amoebas are commensal except:

a. entamoeba histolytica
b. entamoeba dispar
c. entamoeba coli
d. entamoeba gingivalis

A

a. entamoeba histolytica

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40
Q

in using saline & methylene blue what differentiation happens for entamoeba species

A

entamoeba species stain blue, thus differentiating them from WBC

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41
Q

common diagnostic method for Acanthemaoba Keratitis

A

corneal scrapings

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42
Q

form of Naegleria spp. that is elongated, broad anteriorly & tapered posteriorly trphozoites and motile by means of eruptive

A

Amoeboid

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43
Q

number of days E. histolytica is viable in cool conditions?

A

1-12 days

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44
Q

All of these have uninucleated cyst except:

a. E. polecki
b. I. butschlii
c. E.hartmanni
d. E. chattoni

A

c. E hartmanni because they are quadrinucleated

45
Q

Ubiquitous in nature, found commonly in soil & water where they feed on bacteria

A

Free living form of Amoebas

46
Q

Associated with improperly disinfected contact lenses

A

Amebic Keratitis (AK)

47
Q

free living amebae that is considered a true pathogen

A

N. fowleri

48
Q

smallest protozoa

A

E. nana

49
Q

pores in between the cyst walls

A

ostioles

50
Q

Naegleria fowleri trophozoites replicates through promitosis, what happens with the nuclear membrane during this process?

A

nuclear membrane remains intact

51
Q

A specie that could possibly infect humans in the future because it is already pathologic to mice by intranasal instillation

A

Naegleria australiensis

52
Q

most common ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES & causes most CNS & eye infections in humans

A

A. castellani

53
Q

Known as the “small race” of E.

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

54
Q

Causes chronic CNS infection  The portal of entry & spread is the same w/ Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Balamuthia mandrillaris

55
Q

It has limited pathogenicity in experimental trials in animals, but is nonpathogenic to humans. All human isolates have been found to belong in one group, “ ribodeme 2.”

A

Entamoeba moshkovskii

56
Q

All are diagnosis for N. fowleri except

a. CSF collection
b. Tissue samples & nasal discharge
c. Culture of clinical specimens
d. monoclonal Ab testing
e. flow cytometry & DNA hybridization
f. AOTC
g. NOTC

A

NOTC

57
Q

Destructive encephalopathy and associated meningeal irritation

A

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

58
Q

drug of choice for asymptomatic cyst passers

A

Diloxanide

59
Q

invasive and infective form of Naelgeria spp.

A

Amoeboid

60
Q

What do you mean by N. fowleri being thermophilic?

A

They can thrive best in hot dprings and other warm aquatic environments; reproduces rapidly in temperature above 30 degrees Celsius

61
Q

substance that destroys the cyst wall of amoebas

A

trypsin

62
Q

most common form of extraintestinal amebiasis

A

Amebic liver abscess

63
Q

all of these are symptoms and signs of amebic colitis except one

a. fever
b. abdominal pain
c. ulcer
d. bloody watery stools

A

a. fever
Fever is uncommon

64
Q

Mode of Transmission of Acanthamoeba spp. except:
a. eye
b. broken skin
c. nasal passages
d. NOTC

A

NOTC

65
Q

Mode of Transmission of Naeglaeria fowleri

A

Oral and intranasal routes while swimming in contaminated lakes, pools, and rivers

66
Q

most common form of disease associated w/ amoebae

A

Colitis

67
Q

Lives as harmless commensal in the lumen of the large intestine of man, monkeys, & pigs

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

68
Q

amebiasis that already affect other organs such as liver, lungs, brain, and genitals

A

Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis

69
Q

process from cyst to trophozoites

A

excystation

70
Q

Between bacillary and amebic dysentery which one manifest prodomal fever and malaise

A

bacillary

71
Q

Why miscroscopic detection cannot be done w/ ALA?

A

because aspiration is an invasive procedure & trophozoites in ALA are found in the periphery of the abscess so it is sometimes missed

72
Q

significance of using saline and iodine for Entamoeba diagnosis

A

nucleus & karyosome can be observed to differentiate E. histolytica from the nonpthogenic amebae

73
Q

has double walled cysts

A

Acanthamoeba spp (inner smooth cell wall surrounded by an outer jagged cell wall)

74
Q

number of days E. histolytica is viable in water

A

9-30 days

75
Q

has a large glycogen body that stains dark brown w/iodine

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

76
Q

Only the trophozoite stage has been found thus, this entamoeba has no cyst stage

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

77
Q

Causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

A

Naegleria fowleri

78
Q

E coli or E. histolytica:
inclusions are basteria, yeast, and cell debris; chromatin body is witchbroom; splinter like shape

A

E. coli

79
Q

2 vegetative forms of Naegleria spp.:

A

ameba (trophozoite form)
flagellate (swimming form)

80
Q

The cyst is irregularly pyriform in shape & ovoid

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

81
Q

Treatment for PAM

A

Amphotericin B w/ clotrimazole

82
Q

Transmission is through kissing, droplet spray, or by sharing utensils

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

83
Q

Arranged the Life Cycle of Acanthameoba spp.
1. trophozoite form
2. The trophozoites replicate by mitosis
3. cyst form
4. cysts and trophozoites gain entry into the body

A

3, 1, 2, 4

84
Q

All have quadrinucleated cyst except:

a. E. hartmanni
b. E. dispar
c. E. moshkovskii
d. AOTC
e. NOTC

A

e. NOTC

85
Q

All of these are clinical manifestations of GAE except:

a. fever
b. malaise & anorexia
c. increased sleeping time w/severe headache
d. mental status changes & epilepsy
e. coma

A

NOTC

86
Q

small, spiny thorn like filaments for locomotion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites

A

ACANTHOPODIA

87
Q

Have a well defined glycogen mass w/ definite borders

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

88
Q

Identify if E. coli or E. histolytica:
sluggish movement, blunt pseudopodia

A

E. coli

89
Q

Form of E. histolytica that is resistant to gastric acidity and dessication

A

Cysts

90
Q

Between bacillary and amebic dysentery which one manifest fishy odor stool

A

Amebic dysentery

91
Q

term for blunt pseudopodia of Naegleria spp.

A

LOBOPODIA

92
Q

3 layers of B. mandrillaris’ cyst wall

A

outer wrinkled ectocyst
middle structureless mesocyst
inner endocyst

93
Q

Key feature of this parasite is the presence of large blot-like karyosome, centrally located & the absence of peripheral chromatin

A

E. nana

94
Q

Why E. histolytica cyst is resistant to acidic pH?

A

because of its cystic wall that contains chitin & lectin

95
Q

Mode of Transmission of E. histolytica

A

 Ingestion of polluted food/water with Entamoeba histolytica cyst
 Infected food handlers  Flies contaminating food
 Night soil cultivation
 Direct contact (sex; fecal-anal route)

96
Q

if E. coli is nonpathogenic to humans why do we still need to report it?

A

because it would indicate that the food/water might be contaminated

97
Q

E. dispar and E. histolytica are morphologically similar except that:

A

they have different DNA and ribosomal RNA

98
Q

number of nuclei of E. histolytica cyst

A

4 (quadrinucleated)

99
Q

E coli or E. histolytica:
8 nucleus

A

E coli

100
Q

Chronic amebic liver abscess in old patients frequenty involves:

A

wasting & significant weight loss

101
Q

Morphologically similar tp E. histolytica, but both its trophozoites & cyst are smaller & never contain ingested RBC’s

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

102
Q

Signs and symptoms of Amebic Keratitis except

a. fever
b. severe ocular pain & blussing vision
c. hypopon formation
d. corneal ulceration w/ progressive corneal infiltration

A

a. Fever
Fever is uncommon for AK

103
Q

consistently uninucleated and chromatoidal bars are frequently angular or pointed

A

E. polecki

104
Q

Where does encystation of E. histolytica occurs

A

Large intestine

105
Q

cardinal manifestations of ALA are:

A

fever and right upper quadrant pain

106
Q

The only method to distinguised E. dispar from E. histolytica

A

PCR

107
Q

Identify if E. coli or E. histolytica:
unidirectional movement

A

E. histolytica

108
Q

Amebiasis where symptoms start to manifest

A

Invasive amebic dysentery

Parasitology (5 decks)

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