Protozoa Flashcards
Hyaline foot-like protusion of amoeba trophozoites for locomotion
pseudopodia
The nuclear membrane doesn’t break down
Naegleria fowleri
Cyst are found in tissue except for:
a. Blamuthia mandrillaris
b. Acanthamoeba spp.
c. Naegleria fowleri
d. NOTC
c. Naegleria fowleri
Cysts of N. fowleri are not found in the brain tissue
Commensals in the gingival tissue around the teeth, particularly if there is suppuration
Entamoeba gingivalis
Diagnosis for Acanthamoeba spp. except:
a. Demonstration of trophozoites in CSF
b. Stool examination
c. Culture on non-nutrient agar plates seeded w/ gram negative bacteria;
d. Indirect immunofluorescent Ab stain
e. NOTC
b. stool examination
All of these exhibit sluggish movement except:
a. E. gingivalis
b. E. coli
c. E. nana
d. E. polecki
a. E. gingivalis
process of replication of Acanthamoeba spp
mitosis
2 forms of Naegleria fowleri trophozoites:
ameboid & ameboflagellates
Cosmopolitan, nonpathogenic, small amoeba found in humans, primates & pigs
Endolimax nana
process from trophozoite to cysts
encystation
location of E. histolytica undergoing excystation
small intestine
The ONLY amoeba that ingests WBC
Entamoeba gingivalis
All of these have blunt pseudopodia except:
a. E. coli
b. E. histolytica
c. E. gingivalis
d. E. nana
b. E. histolytica
E. histolytica has finger-like pseudopodia
Their cysts are quadrinucleated with coarse cytoplasm; immature cyst has chromatoidal bars
Entamoeba hartmanni
Symptom of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
a. fever
b. nausea & vomiting
c. nuchal rigidity & mental status changes
d. rapid progression to coma & death
e. AOTC
AOTC
Acanthemoeba spp. have been implicated as possible reservoir for medically important bacteria; all of these are possible except:
a. mycobacterium
b. Legionella spp
c. E. coli
d. Lactus bacillus
d. Lactus bacillus
Newly described amoeba; does not have a flagella stage
Balamuthia mandrillaris
Distinct characteristic of this entamoeba is that they have the ability to grow in an environment w/ high osmotic pressure
Entamoeba moshkovskii
Between bacillary and amebic dysentery which one manifest cahrcot-leyden crystals in stool
amebic dysentery
Commonly misdiagnosed w/ amebic colitis; only that fever is common in this type of disease and there is a significantly elevated leukocyte count
bacillary dysentery
E coli or E. histolytica:
inclusions are RBCs and cysts have cigar-shaped chromatoidal bodies
E. histolytica
asexual multiplication of amoebas are done through:
binary fission
number one drug of choice for invasive amoebiasis
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
differential diagnosis of ALA includes the following except one
a. colon cancer
b. pyrogenic liver abscess
c. tuberculosis in the liver
d. hepatic carcinoma
a. colon cancer
Considered parasite of pigs & monkeys
Entamoeba polecki
incubation period of Acanthamoeba spp. for GAE
10 days
Acanthamoeba spp. has only two stages namely:
cysts and trophozoites
Naegleria spp. multiplies through ____
promitosis
Only form of Naegleria spp. that is recognized to humans
Amoeboid
Absence of PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN that aids in the identification of _____
E. nana
process from trophozoite to cysts
encystation
cysts are basket of flowers in shape
Iodamoeba butschlii
Way to differentiate E. dispar from E. histolytica clinically except
a. PCR
b. Culture
c. ELISA
d. Isoenzyme analysis
b. culture
Characteristic CSF finding for PAM (N. fowleri infection)
a. elevated WBC count w/ neutrophilic dominance
b. high protein
c. low glucose
e. only option 2 & 3
f. AOTC
AOTC
. Naegleria fowleri trophozoitesare found in
CSF & tissues while flagellated forms are occasionally found in CSF.
Cysts are not seen in brain tissue
they may produce serious infection of the CNS & the eye
Parasitic form of Free living amoebas
Acanthemoeba spp. trophozoites replicates through mitosis, what happens with the nuclear membrane during this process
nuclear membrane does not remain intact
Activated T-cells kill E. histolytica by:
a. direct lysing trophozoites
b. producing cytokines
c. providing helper effect for B-cell antibody
d. only a & c
e. AOTC
e. AOTC
All of these amoebas are commensal except:
a. entamoeba histolytica
b. entamoeba dispar
c. entamoeba coli
d. entamoeba gingivalis
a. entamoeba histolytica
in using saline & methylene blue what differentiation happens for entamoeba species
entamoeba species stain blue, thus differentiating them from WBC
common diagnostic method for Acanthemaoba Keratitis
corneal scrapings
form of Naegleria spp. that is elongated, broad anteriorly & tapered posteriorly trphozoites and motile by means of eruptive
Amoeboid
number of days E. histolytica is viable in cool conditions?
1-12 days
All of these have uninucleated cyst except:
a. E. polecki
b. I. butschlii
c. E.hartmanni
d. E. chattoni
c. E hartmanni because they are quadrinucleated
Ubiquitous in nature, found commonly in soil & water where they feed on bacteria
Free living form of Amoebas
Associated with improperly disinfected contact lenses
Amebic Keratitis (AK)
free living amebae that is considered a true pathogen
N. fowleri
smallest protozoa
E. nana
pores in between the cyst walls
ostioles
Naegleria fowleri trophozoites replicates through promitosis, what happens with the nuclear membrane during this process?
nuclear membrane remains intact
A specie that could possibly infect humans in the future because it is already pathologic to mice by intranasal instillation
Naegleria australiensis
most common ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES & causes most CNS & eye infections in humans
A. castellani
Known as the “small race” of E.
Entamoeba hartmanni
Causes chronic CNS infection The portal of entry & spread is the same w/ Acanthamoeba spp.
Balamuthia mandrillaris
It has limited pathogenicity in experimental trials in animals, but is nonpathogenic to humans. All human isolates have been found to belong in one group, “ ribodeme 2.”
Entamoeba moshkovskii
All are diagnosis for N. fowleri except
a. CSF collection
b. Tissue samples & nasal discharge
c. Culture of clinical specimens
d. monoclonal Ab testing
e. flow cytometry & DNA hybridization
f. AOTC
g. NOTC
NOTC
Destructive encephalopathy and associated meningeal irritation
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
drug of choice for asymptomatic cyst passers
Diloxanide
invasive and infective form of Naelgeria spp.
Amoeboid
What do you mean by N. fowleri being thermophilic?
They can thrive best in hot dprings and other warm aquatic environments; reproduces rapidly in temperature above 30 degrees Celsius
substance that destroys the cyst wall of amoebas
trypsin
most common form of extraintestinal amebiasis
Amebic liver abscess
all of these are symptoms and signs of amebic colitis except one
a. fever
b. abdominal pain
c. ulcer
d. bloody watery stools
a. fever
Fever is uncommon
Mode of Transmission of Acanthamoeba spp. except:
a. eye
b. broken skin
c. nasal passages
d. NOTC
NOTC
Mode of Transmission of Naeglaeria fowleri
Oral and intranasal routes while swimming in contaminated lakes, pools, and rivers
most common form of disease associated w/ amoebae
Colitis
Lives as harmless commensal in the lumen of the large intestine of man, monkeys, & pigs
Iodamoeba butschlii
amebiasis that already affect other organs such as liver, lungs, brain, and genitals
Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis
process from cyst to trophozoites
excystation
Between bacillary and amebic dysentery which one manifest prodomal fever and malaise
bacillary
Why miscroscopic detection cannot be done w/ ALA?
because aspiration is an invasive procedure & trophozoites in ALA are found in the periphery of the abscess so it is sometimes missed
significance of using saline and iodine for Entamoeba diagnosis
nucleus & karyosome can be observed to differentiate E. histolytica from the nonpthogenic amebae
has double walled cysts
Acanthamoeba spp (inner smooth cell wall surrounded by an outer jagged cell wall)
number of days E. histolytica is viable in water
9-30 days
has a large glycogen body that stains dark brown w/iodine
Iodamoeba butschlii
Only the trophozoite stage has been found thus, this entamoeba has no cyst stage
Entamoeba gingivalis
Causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Naegleria fowleri
E coli or E. histolytica:
inclusions are basteria, yeast, and cell debris; chromatin body is witchbroom; splinter like shape
E. coli
2 vegetative forms of Naegleria spp.:
ameba (trophozoite form)
flagellate (swimming form)
The cyst is irregularly pyriform in shape & ovoid
Iodamoeba butschlii
Treatment for PAM
Amphotericin B w/ clotrimazole
Transmission is through kissing, droplet spray, or by sharing utensils
Entamoeba gingivalis
Arranged the Life Cycle of Acanthameoba spp.
1. trophozoite form
2. The trophozoites replicate by mitosis
3. cyst form
4. cysts and trophozoites gain entry into the body
3, 1, 2, 4
All have quadrinucleated cyst except:
a. E. hartmanni
b. E. dispar
c. E. moshkovskii
d. AOTC
e. NOTC
e. NOTC
All of these are clinical manifestations of GAE except:
a. fever
b. malaise & anorexia
c. increased sleeping time w/severe headache
d. mental status changes & epilepsy
e. coma
NOTC
small, spiny thorn like filaments for locomotion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites
ACANTHOPODIA
Have a well defined glycogen mass w/ definite borders
Iodamoeba butschlii
Identify if E. coli or E. histolytica:
sluggish movement, blunt pseudopodia
E. coli
Form of E. histolytica that is resistant to gastric acidity and dessication
Cysts
Between bacillary and amebic dysentery which one manifest fishy odor stool
Amebic dysentery
term for blunt pseudopodia of Naegleria spp.
LOBOPODIA
3 layers of B. mandrillaris’ cyst wall
outer wrinkled ectocyst
middle structureless mesocyst
inner endocyst
Key feature of this parasite is the presence of large blot-like karyosome, centrally located & the absence of peripheral chromatin
E. nana
Why E. histolytica cyst is resistant to acidic pH?
because of its cystic wall that contains chitin & lectin
Mode of Transmission of E. histolytica
Ingestion of polluted food/water with Entamoeba histolytica cyst
Infected food handlers Flies contaminating food
Night soil cultivation
Direct contact (sex; fecal-anal route)
if E. coli is nonpathogenic to humans why do we still need to report it?
because it would indicate that the food/water might be contaminated
E. dispar and E. histolytica are morphologically similar except that:
they have different DNA and ribosomal RNA
number of nuclei of E. histolytica cyst
4 (quadrinucleated)
E coli or E. histolytica:
8 nucleus
E coli
Chronic amebic liver abscess in old patients frequenty involves:
wasting & significant weight loss
Morphologically similar tp E. histolytica, but both its trophozoites & cyst are smaller & never contain ingested RBC’s
Entamoeba hartmanni
Signs and symptoms of Amebic Keratitis except
a. fever
b. severe ocular pain & blussing vision
c. hypopon formation
d. corneal ulceration w/ progressive corneal infiltration
a. Fever
Fever is uncommon for AK
consistently uninucleated and chromatoidal bars are frequently angular or pointed
E. polecki
Where does encystation of E. histolytica occurs
Large intestine
cardinal manifestations of ALA are:
fever and right upper quadrant pain
The only method to distinguised E. dispar from E. histolytica
PCR
Identify if E. coli or E. histolytica:
unidirectional movement
E. histolytica
Amebiasis where symptoms start to manifest
Invasive amebic dysentery
