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Parasites > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

monomorphic tryapnosmosis

A

t. vivax, t. congolense,

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2
Q

pleomorphic trypanosmosis

A

t. brucei

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3
Q

morphology of trypanosmosis

A

10-40 μm
large nucleus
kinetoplast
free flagellum
undulating membrane

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4
Q

cyclic transmission example

A

t. brucei

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5
Q

non cyclic tranmission example

A

t. evansei

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6
Q

heteroxenous

A

cyclic
biological vector

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7
Q

homoxenous

A

non cyclic
mechanical vector

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8
Q

phenotypes of trypanosomosis

A

trypomastigote
promastigote
epimastigote
amastigote

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9
Q

diseases of trypanosomosis

A

nagana
surra
dourine
chagas

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10
Q

cause of nagana

A

t. vivax
t. congolense
t. brucei brucei

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11
Q

vector of nagana

A

tsetse fly

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12
Q

hosts of nagana

A

horses
cattle
camel
dog
cat

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13
Q

symptoms of nagana

A

oedema
lymph node enlargement
splenomegaly

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14
Q

diagnosis of nagana

A

detection of trypomastigotes from blood and lymph nodes
serology
necropsy

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15
Q

cause of surra

A

t. brucei evansai

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16
Q

vectors of surra

A

mechanical - blood sucking flies
biological - vampire bats

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17
Q

hosts of surra

A

camels
horses
dogs

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18
Q

surra symptoms in horses

A

paralysis
oedema

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19
Q

surra symptoms in dogs

A

keratitis
oedema
haemorrhages

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20
Q

cause of dourine

A

genetic variants of t. brucei evansi and t. brucei equiperdum

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21
Q

clinical signs of dourine

A

genitals - inflammation and ulceration of mm, oedema, hypopigmentation of skin
skin - dollar spors
nerves - hyperaesthesia, anaesthesia, ascending motor paralysis

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22
Q

hosts of dourine

A

horse
donkey

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23
Q

cause of chagas

A

t. cruzi

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24
Q

host of chagas

A

human
animals

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25
Q

biological vector of chagas

A

bed bugs
kissing bugs

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26
Q

symptoms of chagas

A

pseudocycst in myocardium
red inflammed skin

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27
Q

leishmaniosis

A

l. tropica
l. infantum
l. donovani
l. chagasi

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28
Q

hosts of leishmaniosis

A

human
dog
cat

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29
Q

vector of leishmaniosis

A

biological vector - sandfly

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30
Q

forms of leishmaniosis

A

cutan and visceral forms

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31
Q

cutan leishmanisosis

A

alopecia
dermatitis
ulceration of the skin

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32
Q

visceral leishmanisosis

A

fever
lymph node enlargement
spleen
liver
cachexy
anaemia
diarrhoea
ataxia

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33
Q

diagnosis of leishmaniosis

A

amastigote detection in smear or scrappings
biopsy of lymph node, liver, spleen, marrow or skin
serology
necropsy

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34
Q

hosts of giardia

A

human
young animals

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35
Q

flagella in giardia

A

4 pairs
2 nuclei

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36
Q

location in dogs of giardia

A

duodenum

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37
Q

location in cats of giardia

A

jejunum, ileum

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38
Q

forms of giardia

A

trophozoites
cysts

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39
Q

trophozoites of giardia morphology

A

10-20 μm
pear shaped
symmetrical,
two nuclei – on muscosal surface

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40
Q

trophozoites of giardia

A

vegetative form

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41
Q

cysts of giardia

A

infectious form

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42
Q

cysts of giardia morphology

A

9-15 μm
oval
four nuclei (resistant)

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43
Q

clinical signs of giardia

A

malabsorption
pancreatic insufficiency -EPI
emaciation
poor growth
mucous, yellow and slimy diarrhoea
loss of appetite
vomitting
abdominal pain

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44
Q

parasitology diagnosis of giardia

A

faecal smear
flotation
serology
snap test

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45
Q

trichomonosis of cattle

A

t. foetus

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46
Q

forms of trichomonosis

A

only trophozoite

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47
Q

trichomonosis with 4 flagella

A

t. gallinae
t. vaginalis
tetratrichomonas gallinarum stb

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48
Q

trichomonosis with 3 flagella

A

t. foetus
t. equi stb

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49
Q

trichomonosis with 5 flagella

A

pentatrichomonas hominis stb

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50
Q

clinical signs of trichomonosis in bulls

A

inappetance
sometimes inflammation of mm of preputium
urethral discharge

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51
Q

clinical signs of trichomonosis in cows and heifers

A

vestibulitis
vaginitis
ascending endometritis
pyometra
vaginal discharge
anoestrus

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52
Q

diagnosis of trichomonosis

A

collecting of vaginal/uretal discharge
serology
PCR
necropsy

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53
Q

necropsy finding of trichomonosis

A

greyish yellow papules on chorion of the foetus

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54
Q

trichomonosis of bird

A

t. gallinae

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55
Q

hosts of t. gallinae

A

pigeons
turkeys
chickens

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56
Q

clinical signs of trichomonosis in birds

A

visible yellowish pseudomembranes
necrotic lesions in mouth and pharynx
foul odour in mouth
pendulous crop
apathy
diarrhoea
suffocation
cachexy

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57
Q

diagnosis of trichomonosis in birds

A

smear from lesions

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58
Q

diagnosis of trichomonosis in birds

A

smear from lesions

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59
Q

necropsy of trichomonosis in birds

A

yellowish diphtheritic membrane in mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, proventriculus, crop
lesions in liver, heart and air sacs

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60
Q

histomonosis cause

A

histomonas meleagridis

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61
Q

host of histomonosis

A

young turkeys
chicens
guinea fowl
pheasant

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62
Q

where is flagellated histomonosis found

A

caecum tissue

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63
Q

where is amoeboid histomonosis found

A

tissues

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64
Q

clinical signs of histomonosis

A

loss of appetites
diarrhoea
yellow faeces
blackhead

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65
Q

what is blackhead of histomonosis

A

cyanosis of head, comb and wattle

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66
Q

diagnosis of histomonosis

A

difficult
Detection of flagellate form (10-20(30) μm, round or ovoid with one flagellum) in
caecal lumen
Detection of amoeboid trophozoites in tissues (8-15 μm, round without flagellum)-
pleomorphic

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67
Q

necropsy findings of histomonosis

A

caecum - yellowish, necrotic, caseous material in lumen, thickened wall
liver - crateriform necrotic foci
in guinea fowl - necrotic lesions in spleen, lung, kidneys

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68
Q

morphology of eimeria

A

homoxenous
stenoxenous
intracellular

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69
Q

types of eimeria

A

sporulated oocytes
unsporulated oocytes

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70
Q

structure of eimeria sporulated oocyst

A

2 sporocysts each containing 2 banana shaped sporozoites

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71
Q

schizont of eimeria size

A

300μm

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72
Q

merozoite of eimeria size

A

5-10μm, crescent shape

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73
Q

unspolorulated oocyst

A

15-50 μm size
ellipsoidal, ovoid or spherical shape
Refractive shell, micropyle (a small pore)
with a polar cap Zygote within the shell

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74
Q

diagnosis of eimeria

A

mucosal or faecal smear
necropscopy
histological section

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75
Q

7 species of eimeria in chickens

A

e. tenella
e. necatrix
e. brunetti
e. maxima
e. acervuline
e. mitis
e. praecox

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76
Q

clinical signs of eimeria depends on

A

speices
amount of ingested sporulated oocysts
virulence of species
resistance of host

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77
Q

clinical signs of eimeria in chickens

A

anorexia
moribund appearance, lethargy
hypopigmentation
ruffled feathers
soft bloody faeces
sucumb
decreased weight and egg prodcution

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78
Q

diagnosis of eimeria

A

flotation of unsporulated oocysts in faeces

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79
Q

e. tenella clinical signs

A

blood in lumen
wall is dilated and thick
epithelial erosion
schizonts and merozoites in caecum
death

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80
Q

e. tenella location

A

caecum

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81
Q

e. necatrix location

A

wall of middle third of small intestine
jejunum, ileum

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82
Q

e. necatrix clinical signs

A

unclotted blood in lumen
pepper and salt appearance
haemorrhage
thickened and swollen wall

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83
Q

e. brunetti clincial signs

A

haemorrhage
catarrhal exsudate
coagulatie necrosis
pethechiae
ladder like appearance

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84
Q

e. brunetti location

A

lower small intestine
prox. caecum
colon
rectum
cloaca

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85
Q

e. maxima location

A

mid small intestine

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86
Q

clinical signs of e. maxima

A

inflammed
ballooned
thickened mucosa
orange/salmon punk exudates in lumen

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87
Q

e. acervulina location

A

duodenum

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88
Q

clinical signs of e. acervulina

A

watery lumen contents
white foci

89
Q

intestinal geese coccidiosis

A

e. anseris
e. nocens

90
Q

coccidiosis of geese

A

intestinal and renal

91
Q

clinical signs of e. anseris

A

anorexia
polydipsia
diarrhoea
unstable gait

92
Q

types of coccidiosis in geese

A

intestinal
renal

93
Q

causes of intestinal coccidiosis in geese

A

e. anseris
e. nocens

94
Q

clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis in geese

A

anoerexia
polydipsia
weakness
unstable gait
diarrhoea

95
Q

necropscopy of intestinal coccidiosis in geese

A

distended middle to lower third of the small intestine
reddish brown fluid in lumen

96
Q

cause of renal coccidiosis in geese

A

e. truncate

97
Q

clinical signs of renal coccidiosis in geese

A
  • weakness,
  • anorexia,
  • diarrhoea,
  • sunken eyes,
  • torticollis,
  • sometimes paralysis
  • Disturbances in balance (vertigo)
  • Lying supine
98
Q

necroscopy of renal coccidiosis in geese

A

enlarged kidney
greyish/yellow
white foci

99
Q

coccidiosis of cattle

A

e. zuernii
e. bovis

100
Q

pathogen of e. zurenii

A

schizogony
symptoms beofre oocyst shedding

101
Q

pathogen of e. bovis

A

gametogony
symptoms appear at same time as oocyst shedding

102
Q

clinical signs of cattle coccidiosis

A

diarrhoea
haemorrhage
mucous or blood in faeces
rough hair coats
sunken eyes
cachexy
tenesmus
rectal prolapse

103
Q

forms of rabbits coccidiosis

A

biliary and intestinal

104
Q

cause of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

A

e. stiedai

105
Q

clinical signs of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

A

pu
anorexia
wasting
digestive problems
cirrhosis
jaundice

106
Q

diagnosis of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

A

faeces or flotation

107
Q

necroscopy of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

A

hepatomegaly
greyish yellow nodules on live
pus or caseous filled lesions

108
Q

histopath of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

A

biliary hyperplasia
cholangitis
bile duct distension

109
Q

cause of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

A

e. intestinalis
e. flavescens

e. irresidula
e. piriformis
e. magna

e. perforans
e. coecicola

110
Q

when is intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits seen

A

after weaning at age of 1-2months

111
Q

clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits - subcinical

A

no symptoms

112
Q

clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

A

anorexia
increased water consumption
weight loss
emaciation
death
dehydration
diarrhoea

113
Q

diagnosis of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

A

detection of unsporulated oocyst with flotation

114
Q

necroscopy of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

A

catarrhal or haemorrhagic enteritis
thickening of mucosa in smal intestine or large
pinhead white nodules in ileum - e. magna

115
Q

histopath of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

A

desquamation of mm
necorsis of epithelial tissue

116
Q

cause of coccidiosis of pig

A

isospora suis

117
Q

clinical signs of coccidiosis of pig

A

diarrhoea
never bloody

118
Q

diagnosis of coccidiosis of pig

A

faecal smears isnt sensitive
flotation possible after sporulation
autoflourescence

119
Q

no. of sporozoites in sporocyst of coccidiosis of pig

A

2 sporocysts containing sporozoites

120
Q

necroscopy of coccidiosis of pig

A

lesions in mucosa of small intestines

121
Q

treatment of coccidiosis of pig

A

baycox

122
Q

cause of coccidiosis of dog

A

isospora canis
isospora ohioensis
isospora burrowsi

123
Q

clinical signs of coccidiosis of dog

A

diarrhoea - days in kittens. weeks in puppies
emaciation
anaemia
dehydration
exsiccosis
enteritis

124
Q

in which isospora is there diarrhoea before detecting oocyst in faeces

A

l. canis

125
Q

detection of coccidiosis of dog

A

flotation

126
Q

cause of coccidiosis of cat

A

isospora felis
isospora rivolta

127
Q

cause of cryptosporidiosis in mammals

A

c. parvum
c. muris

128
Q

cause of cryptosporidiosis in birds

A

c. baileyi
c. meleagridis

129
Q

size of oocyst in cryptosporidiosis

A

tiny
5-8um

130
Q

infection of cryptosporidiosis

A

po
water/food borne

131
Q

clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis depend on

A

parasite
host species
amount oof ingested sporulated oocyst

132
Q

clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis in mammals

A

acute diarrhoea
watery pasty faeces
anorexia
fever
dehydration
death

133
Q

clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis in birds

A

bursa fabricii atrophy
sneezing, coughing, dyspnoe

134
Q

diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis

A

flotation
need microscope
mucosa smear
immunological methods

135
Q

necroscopy of cryptosporidiosis in mammals

A

enteral catarrhal in ileum
cellular infiltration of propria
in abomasum in c. muris

136
Q

necroscopy of cryptosporidiosis in birds

A

inflammation in airsacs
pneumonia
sinusitis
histo changes in small and large intestines, cloaca, bursa fabricii

137
Q

cause of toxoplasmosis

A

toxoplasma gondii

138
Q

final host of toxoplasmosis

A

species of felidae

139
Q

intermediate host of toxoplasmosis

A

mammals and birds

140
Q

infection of toxoplasmosis

A

po
meat contatin xyst
sporulated oocyst
galacgogenically

transplacental
paretnal

141
Q

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis

A

infection usually latent without clinical signs

142
Q

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in cats

A

fever
anorexia
ocular signs
encephalitis
enteritis
pneumonia

143
Q

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in dog

A

jaundice
anorexia
diarrhoea
pneumonia
CNS

144
Q

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in horses

A

nervous signs

145
Q

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in pregnant ewes

A

abortion

146
Q

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in swine

A

rarely fever
apathy
diarrhoea

147
Q

diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

A

unsporulated oocyst with flotation only in cat faeces
sabin feldman dye
biopsy, csf
tissue culture
pcr
neuroimaging
thallium 201

148
Q

necroscopy of toxoplasmosis

A

aborted foetus
yellowish - white necrotic spots in placenta
lymphocytic infiltration of brain

foci and granulomas in liver, spleen, lungs, brain of rabbits

dissemination in young dogs in conjunciton with rubarth’s diseaase, canine distemper

149
Q

cause of besnoitiosis in cattle

A

besnoitia besnoiti

150
Q

intermediate host of besnoitiosis

A

cattle or wild ru

151
Q

final host of besnoitiosis

A

unknown

152
Q

transmission of besnoitiosis

A

flies

153
Q

clinical signs of acute besnoitiosis

A

anasarca phase
anorexia
fever
swollen ln
rhinitis
dyspnoea
sc oedema

154
Q

clinical signs of chronic besnoitiosis

A

scleroderma phase
skin
thickening
wrinkling
alopecia
abortion and sterility

155
Q

diagnosis of besnoitiosis

A

cysts in sclera, conjunctiva, mucosa of resp and genitals
biopsy of skin
serology

156
Q

necroscopy of besnoitiosis

A

cysts on serosal, mucosal surfaces

157
Q

cause of sarcocytiosis

A

s. cruzi
s. calchasi

158
Q

final host of sarcocytiosis - intestinal sarcosporidiosis

A

dog
cat
wild car
man

159
Q

intermediate host of sarcocytiosis - muscle sarcosporidiosis

A

cattle
sheep
swine
horse
rabbit

160
Q

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in carnivores

A

none

161
Q

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in man

A

signs of acute gastrointestinal malaise
diarrhoae
vomitting
shivering
sweating fever

162
Q

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in cattle

A

anorexia
intermittent fever
emaciation
exophthalmus
anaemia
reduced milk yield
loss of condition
dysponoea
submandibular oedema
enlargement of ln
abortion
dalmeny disease

163
Q

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in lambs

A

anorexia
weakeness
death
abortion
anaemia

164
Q

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in swine

A

biphasal fever
apathy
dysponoea
anaemia
cyanosis
muscle spasm
abortion

165
Q

diagnosis of sarcocytiosis

A

in final hosts
sporocysts via flotation
serodiagnosis procedures
antigens

166
Q

necropsy of sarcocytiosis in sheep

A

cysts
wheat- pea size greyish yellowish sarcocysts in wall of oesophagus

167
Q

necropsy of sarcocytiosis in cattle and horse

A

sarcocysts by naked eye

168
Q

necropsy of sarcocytiosis in general

A

haemorrhagic diathesis
enlarged ln
necrotic lesions in liver, kidney and heart
small nectrotic cysts in tongue, heart, oesophagus, skeletal muscle
oedema
fibrosis

169
Q

cause of hepatozoonosis of dog

A

hepatozoon canis

170
Q

vector of hepatozoonosis

A

rhipicephalus sanquineus - brown dog tick

171
Q

clinical signs of hepatozoonosis

A

frequently asymptomatic
fever
lethargy
anorexia
emaciation
anaemia
swelling of ln
lachrymation
nasal discharge
weakness of limbs
muscle pain or stiff gait
bloody diarrhoae
death

172
Q

diagnosis of hepatozoonosis

A

blood smear - elliptic gamonts

173
Q

necroscopy of hepatozoonosis

A

in all infected organs - inflammatory infiltrates, necroses

174
Q

cause of babesiosis in equines

A

b. caballi

175
Q

cause of babesiosis in cattle

A

b. divergens

176
Q

cause of babesiosis in dogs

A

b. canis

177
Q

clinical signs of babesiosis

A

anorexia
anaemia
fever
jaundice
haemoglobinuia
diarrhoea
abortion
death
intermittent fever

178
Q

pathogenesis of babesiosis

A

giemsa staining
serodiagnostic methods

179
Q

necroscopy of babesiosis

A

anaemia
jaundice
splenomegaly
sub-epicardial, subendocardial haemorrhage on mucosal surface
red and brown red urine in bladder
regeneration of liver and kidney
catarrhal with petechiae in gi mucosa

180
Q

cause of theileriosis

A

t. equi
t. annulata

181
Q

clinical signs of theileriosis

A

anorexia
anaemia
fever
digestive problems
diarrhoea with mucus and blood
swelling of ln
petechiae haemorrhages on vulva and under tongue
dyspnoea, tachycardia
jaundice, emaciation, intermittent fever

182
Q

diagnosis of theileriosis

A

schizonts in bopsy of ln with giemsa staining
merozoites in rbc of blood films with giemsa staining

183
Q

necroscopy of theileriosis

A

haemorrhages in serous and mucous membranes
swelling of ln and spleen
ulcer in abomasum and intestine, pulmonary oedema, cachexia

184
Q

cause of encephalitozoonosis

A

e. cuniculi

185
Q

clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis

A

usually asymptomatic
rarely neurogenic
torticollis or wry neck
paralysis and seizures
iritis, keratis, blindness

186
Q

diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis

A

detection of spores in urine
immunological methods

187
Q

necroscopy of encephalitozoonosis

A

greyish dents on surface of kidney

188
Q

morphology of apicomplexa

A

polar rings
conoid
rhoptries
micronemes
electrondense granules
subpellicular microtubules
micropores
pellicle

189
Q

Polar ring(s):

A

thickening of the inner membrane of the pellicle,
organizing subpellicular microtubules running backwards.
Young sporozoites, merozoites have both anterior and posterior p.r.

190
Q

Conoid:

A

protrusible, hollow, cone-like structure consisting of
spirally coiled microtubules and situated in the polar ring,
probably providing mechanical help for host cell penetration

191
Q

Rhoptries:

A

posteriorly distended, sac-like bodies producing
proteolysins, thus providing enzymatical help for host cell penetration;
also participating in the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole.

192
Q

Micronemes:

A

large numbers of small rods producing thrombospondintype proteins for host cell recognition, attachment to it and moving.

193
Q

Electrondense granules:

A

located in the mid-region of the cell,
with protein contents initiating metabolic activity in the
parasitophorous vacuole (following exocytosis).

194
Q

Subpellicular microtubules:

A

originate from the anterior polar ring,
playing a role in cell motility

195
Q

Micropore(s):

A

invagination of the outer layer of the pellicle
(plasmalemma), where the double inner membrane is discontinuous
and thickened. Feeding organelle (for endocytosis).

196
Q

Pellicle:

A

outer layer (plasmalemma) continuous, double inner
membrane interrupted at the micropore(s) and polar ring(s).

197
Q

stages of host cell invasion by apicomplexes

A
  1. invasive stage
  2. exocytosis
  3. exocytosed microneme material continues expanding on zoite surface
  4. moving junction seals the pv
198
Q

development of apicomplexes

A

asexualy schizigony –> sexual gametegony –> asexual sporogony

199
Q

coccidia without tissue formation

A

eimeria

200
Q

development of eimeria

A

ingestion of sporulated oocysts
excystation
liberate sporozoites invade epithelial cells of gi mucosa or other organs at the predilection size and become trophozoites

201
Q

what is schizogony

A

mitosis
daughter cells rearrange at periphery
sepearation of cytoplasm
the schizont containing merozoites ruptures
merozoites enter other epithelial cells

202
Q

what is gametogony

A

the last generation of merozoites differentiate into sexual or hametogonous forms in new host cell

203
Q

macrogamonts

A

more female precursor
form with growth and maturation

204
Q

microgamonts

A

fewer male precursor
form with further schizogony

205
Q

prepatent period of eimeria

A

4-33days - self limiting

206
Q

prepatent period of chicken coccidiosis

A

4-6days
sporogony within 12-30days

207
Q

when are chicken coccidiosis outbreaks most likely

A

within 3-6weeks of age

208
Q

location of e. adenoeides

A

distal ileum, caecum, rectum

209
Q

location of e. meleagrinitis

A

jejunum

210
Q

location of e. gallopavonis

A

dist ileum
prox caecum
rectum

211
Q

location of e. dispersa

A

small intestine

212
Q

location of e. meleagridis

A

ileum, dist caecum, rectum

213
Q

location of e. colchici

A

ileum
caecum
rectum

214
Q

location of e. phasiani

A

ileum

215
Q

location of e. duodenalis

A

duodenum

216
Q

when are pigeons most likely to get coccidiosis

A

3-4months of age

217
Q

clinical signs of pigeon coccidiosis

A

anorexia
diarrhea
dehydration
emaciation
prolonged moult
weakness
death

218
Q

location of e. anseris

A

jejunum
ileum

219
Q

location of e. nocens

A

ileum

Parasites (9 decks)

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