Protozoa

Question 1

Common wherever cats are found; an estimated 11% of residents 6 years and older in the US are seropositive, which indicates that they have been infected.

Answer 1

PULMONARY TOXOPLASMOSIS

Question 2

Ubiquitous in birds and mammals

Answer 2

T-Gondii

Question 3

May cause flu-like symptoms in some people, but most people affected never develop signs and symptoms. For infants born to infected mothers and for people with weakened immune systems, toxoplasmosis may cause serious complications.

Answer 3

Toxoplasmosis

Question 4

Caused by single-celled microorganisms (protozoa) from the genus Babesia. These microorganisms are parasites that invade red blood cells (erythrocytes).

Answer 4

Babesiosis

Question 5

These microorganisms are parasites that invade red blood cells (erythrocytes).

Answer 5

Genus Babesia

Question 6

The major cause of babesiosis in the northeastern United States is infection by ________.

Answer 6

B. microti

Question 7

In California and Washington a new Babesia parasite, is believed to be responsible for the disorder.

Answer 7

WA-1

Question 8

In Europe, usually responsible for babesiosis.

Answer 8

B. divergens and B. bovis

Question 9

Transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks.

Answer 9

B. microti

Question 10

May persist for months to years and remain subclinical throughout its course in otherwise healthy people, especially those < 40 years

Answer 10

Asymptomatic Babesia infection

Question 11

Should be used cautiously in very young children because toxic reactions have been reported.

Answer 11

DEET

Question 12

Extensive inflammation around the nose and mouth, destruction of the nasal mucosa, ulceration of the upper lip and nose, and destruction of the nasal septum.

Answer 12

Mucosal leishmaniasis

Question 13

Mucosal leishmaniasis(espundia) is caused mainly by______________.

Answer 13

L. braziliensis

Question 14

Common, and aspiration pneumonia may be fatal.

Answer 14

Secondary bacterial infection

Question 15

The parasites are thought to spread from the initial skin lesion through the lymphatics and blood to nasopharyngeal tissues.

Answer 15

L. braziliensis

Question 16

Spread to the mucosa via lymphatics and the bloodstream probably occurs early in infection.

Answer 16

Mucosal leishmaniasis

Question 17

Essential for identification of parasites, but the rate of detection is poor unless Polymerase Chain Reaction techniques are used.

Answer 17

Tissue biopsy

Question 18

Response fails to distinguish between past and present infection.

Answer 18

strongly positive DTH

Question 19

Dosed by body-weight: patients 30 to 44 kg, 50 mg orally twice a day for 28 days; ≥ 45 kg, 50 mg orally 3 times a day for 28 days are often effective, but data are limited.

Answer 19

Miltefosine

Question 20

B with a cumulative dose ranging from 20 to 60 mg/kg

Answer 20

Liposomal amphotericin B

Question 21

Travelers to endemic areas should use insect repellents containing ___________ on exposed skin. Insect screens, bed nets, and clothing are more effective if treated withpermethrinbecause the small sand flies can penetrate mechanical barriers.

Answer 21

DEET (diethyltoluamide)

Question 22

Most commonly the result of contiguous spread from aliver abscess rupturing through the right hemidiaphragm.

Answer 22

PLEUPULMONARY AMEBIASIS

Question 23

A very rare complication of amebiasis infection direct pulmonary involvement is exceptional.

Answer 23

PLEUPULMONARY AMEBIASIS

Question 24

Pulmonary amoebiasis caused by the protozoan parasite,occurs mainly by the extension from the amoebic liver abscess.

Answer 24

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 25

Most common complication of amoebic liver abscess, occurring in 15% of patients with amoebic liver disease and in 1% of patients with amoebic dysentery.

Answer 25

Pleuropulmonary disease

Question 26

May also occur following haematogenous spread of organisms to the lungs or lymphatic spread from the liver to the diaphragm

Answer 26

Pleuropulmonary amoebiasis

Question 27

With symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery producing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools, to fulminant amebic colitis.

Answer 27

Acute or subacute colitis

Question 28

Administered parenterally in doses of 1 mg. per kg. daily for a period of 8 to 10 days. The drug is toxic to the myocardium, and electrocardiograph monitoring is recquired before and after each daily dose.

Answer 28

Emetine Hydrochlororide

Question 29

Administered simultaneously in the daily dose of 0.5 gm. Orally for a peiod of 3 weeks

Answer 29

Chloroquin phosphate

Question 30

Intestinal parasite that causes diarrhea in children and adults. In addition to infection of the stomach, this parasite can infect the respiratory system causing a cough and/or problems breathing.

Answer 30

Cryptosporidium

Question 31

Characterized by diarrhea, dehydration, and wasting, which can be severe in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS or malnutrition.

Answer 31

Cryptosporidiosis

Question 32

Routinely causes respiratory disease in commercially important poultry. Incidental respiratory infections have also been described in gnotobiotic piglets and calves, and experimental rodent models using direct inoculation of parasites into the trachea have been developed.

Answer 32

Cryptosporidium baileyi

Question 33

Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis, is available in tablet form for adults (500 mg twice daily for 3 days) and as an elixir for children.

Answer 33

Nitazoxanide