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Biology 110 > Protists > Flashcards

Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

Are protists monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

Paraphyletic

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2
Q

What is the difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes and what are protists classified under?

A

Protists are eukaryotes and have compartmentalization of nucleus and organelles (membrane bound organelles)

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3
Q

How did organelles form in protists?

A

Prokaryotic cell membrane folded in on itself which caused formation of endoplasmic reticulum (which happened due to a mutation)

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4
Q

What is endosymbiosis and which organelles were effected by this?

A
  • Engulfing of other organelles

- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were engulfed because they were originally individual cells

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5
Q

When brown algae engulfed red algae, which already had chloroplasts, what is this called?

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

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6
Q

Are protists unicellular or multicellular and which is more beneficial?

A
  • Protists are both

- Multicellularity is more beneficial

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7
Q

What are the three taxa in the supergroup Excavata?

A

Diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans

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8
Q

Describe Diplomonads?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Move with flagella
  • Have 2 nuclei
  • Have degenerate mitochondria (ancestors had mitochondria and now it doesn’t function correctly/may not have one at all)
  • Giardia: most common intestinal parasite in the U.S.
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9
Q

Describe Parabasalids?

A
  • Live in termite guts
  • Undulating membrane for locomotion
  • Use flagella
  • Lack mitochondria which is a derived trait
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10
Q

Describe Euglenozoa?

A
  • Earliest eukaryotes to possess mitochondria
  • Some have chloroplasts but may become heterotrophic in dark
  • Others strictly heterotrophic (may be parasitic)
  • Asexual reproduction only
  • Contractile vacuoles: collect excess water
  • African Sleeping Sickness
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11
Q

What taxa are in supergroup Chromalveolata?

A
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Apicomplexans
  • Ciliates
  • Brown Algae
  • Oomcyetes
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12
Q

Describe Dinoflagellates?

A
  • Photosynthetic and unicellular
  • Move with flagella
  • Live in aquatic environments
  • Some are bioluminescent
  • “Red tides” are blooms: can cause deaths
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13
Q

Describe Apicomplexans?

A
  • Spore forming animal parasites
  • Plasmodium causes malaria
  • Toxoplasma gondii: causes reckless behavior
  • Causes infections in humans with immunosuppression
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14
Q

Describe Ciliates?

A
  • Feature large number of cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals around the cell
  • Pellicle: tough but flexible outer covering
  • 2 types of nuclei: Micronucleus (without will reproduce asexually) and Macronucleus (essential for function)
  • 2 types of vacuoles: Food vacuoles (digestion of food) and Contractile vacuoles (regulation of water balance)
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15
Q

Describe Brown Algae?

A
  • Not plants
  • Diatoms: unicellular, unique double shells made of silica
  • Conspicuous seaweed
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16
Q

Describe Oomcyetes?

A
  • Caused potato famine
  • Can be aquatic or terrestrial
  • Pathogens (make things sick) or saprobes (feed on dead things)
17
Q

What taxa is in supergroup Opisthokonta?

A

-Choanoflagellida

18
Q

Describe choanoflagellida?

A
  • Most like common ancestors of animals
  • Single flagella, surrounded by funnel shaped collar (structure matched in sponges)
  • Use collar to feed on bacteria
19
Q

Is Amoebozoa a taxa or supergroup?

A

Both

20
Q

Describe Amoebozoa?

A
  • Move by pseudopods
  • Slime molds (not related to fungi): single celled, multinucleate, oozing masses and single cells combine
  • Causes amoebic dysentary
21
Q

What taxa are in supergroup Rhizaria?

A
  • Foraminifera
  • Radiolara
  • Cercozoa
22
Q

Describe Foraminifera?

A
  • Pore studded shells called tests, through which thin podia emerge (podia used for swimming and eating)
  • Produce limestone with tests
23
Q

Describe Radiolara?

A
  • Produce intricate mineral skeletons

- Needle like pseudopods

24
Q

Describe Cercozoa?

A
  • Mostly heterotrophic
  • Abundant in soil and in all freshwater and marine habitats
  • Many have filapodia
  • May be most abundance predator but have no mouth
25
Q

What taxa is in the supergroup Archaeplastida?

A

Rhodophyta

26
Q

Describe Rhodophyta?

A
  • Red algae range in size
  • Have accessory photosynthetic pigments other than chlorophyll
  • Red
27
Q

What are the two monophyletic groups that make up Green Algae?

A
  • Chlorophyta

- Charophyta (most closely related to plants)

28
Q

Describe Chlorophytes?

A
  • Many lines of specialization derived from chlorophytes
  • Cell specialization in colonial chlorophytes
  • Haploidiplontic live cycles in multicellular chorophytes
29
Q

What is haploidiplontic?

A

There are stages of life that are haploid and stages that are diploid. All plants are haploidiplontic. The gametophyte generation makes the sex cells.

30
Q

Describe the haploidiplontic life cycle.

A

-Starts with multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte)
This produces haploid spores by meiosis
The diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia
This makes four haploid spores and these are the first cells of the gametophyte generation
-Then the multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte)
Spores divide by mitosis
This produce gametes through mitosis
Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

31
Q

What is the difference between Charophytes and Chlorophytes? Which came first and where do land plants fall in this order?

A
  • Charophytes have phylogenetic relationship to land plants

- Chlorophytes came first, then charophytes, then land plants

Biology 110 (15 decks)

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