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Biology 110 > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major characteristics of animals?

A
  • Consumers (heterotrophs)
  • Multicellular
  • Cells don’t have cell walls
  • Most are able to move
  • Diverse in form
  • Occupy many different habitats
  • Most reproduce sexually
  • Have a pattern of embryonic development
  • Cells of animals (except sponges) are organized into tissues and tissue layers
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2
Q

What are the five key transitions in animal evolution?

A
  • Tissues
  • Symmetry
  • Body Cavity
  • Various patterns of embryonic development
  • Segmentation
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3
Q

Describe the evolution of tissues?

A

-Parazoa include sponges
They lack defined tissues and organs
They have ability to dedifferentiate and dedifferentiate their cells
-Eumetazoa
All other animals
Have distinct, well defined tissues
Have irreversible differentiation of most cell types

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4
Q

Describe the evolution of symmetry?

A
  • Parazoa have no symmetry but Eumetazoa do
  • Radial symmetry: body parts arranged around central axis
  • Bilateral symmetry: right and left halves are mirror images
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5
Q

What are the advantages of bilateral symmetry?

A
  • Helps facilitates movement

- The sensory system is in the front of the body

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6
Q

Describe the evolution of a body cavity?

A

-Eumetazoa produce three germ layers
Outer ectoderm: body coverings and nervous system
Middle mesoderm: skeleton and muscles
Inner endoderm: digestive organs and intestines
-Coelom: space in-between tissues and surrounded my mesoderm

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7
Q

For the evolution of the body cavity what are the three basic kinds of body plans based on the existence of the coelom?

A
  • Acoelomates: no body cavity
  • Pseudocoelomates: body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm
  • Coelomates: body cavity entirely within mesoderm
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8
Q

Describe the evolution of different patters of development?

A

Bilaterally symmetrical divided into 2 groups:

  • Protostomes: develop mouth first from blastopore then anus (if present) develops later
  • Protostomes have spiral cleavage (cells move as dividing)
  • Protostomes have determinate development (embryonic cells form specific body regions and if one is removed then development stops)
  • Deuterostomes: develop anus first from blastopore then mouth develops later
  • Deuterstomes have radial cleavage (cells stay in position as dividing)
  • Deuterstomes have indeterminate development (embryonic cells can develop a new individual)
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9
Q

Describe the evolution of segmentation?

A

Segmentation provides 2 advantages:

  • Allows redundant organ systems in adults
  • Allows more efficient and flexible movement
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10
Q

What are the two main branches animals are divided into?

A

-Parazoa: lack symmetry and tissue
-Eumetazoa: have symmetry and tissue
Diploplastic- have 2 germ layers
Triploblastic- have 3 germ layers

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11
Q

What period did an enormous expansion of animal diversity arrive?

A

Cambrian period

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12
Q

Describe phylum Porifera?

A
  • Sponges (parazoans)
  • Marine and freshwater species
  • Larval sponges free swimming, adults anchored
  • Inner layer: specialized flagellated cells called choanocytes (collar cells)
  • Central layer: protein rich matrix called mesohyl
  • Filter feeders: choanocyte flagella pull water through pores (intracellular digestion/ digestion occurs in cells)
  • Asexual reproduction (fragmentation) and sexual (egg and sperm), larval sponges use cilia to move then settle on substrate to attach and become adults
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13
Q

What two phylum are in phylogeny Diploblasts?

A
  • Cnidaria
  • Ctenophora
  • Most have radial symmetry and two germ layers
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14
Q

Describe phylum Cnidaria?

A
  • All marine
  • Distinct tissues but no organs
  • Carnivores
  • Body forms: polyp (cylindrical and not moving) and medusa (umbrella shaped and moving) - can alternate between two or be just one
  • Reproduce through budding or medusa may produce sexually
  • Extracellular digestion
  • Have no circulatory, respiratory, excretory systems
  • Have specialized cells on epidermis called nematocytes which contains harpoon used for defense or for food
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15
Q

What are the two classes in phylum Cnidarian?

A
  • Cubozoa (box jellyfish)

- Staurozoa (star jellies)

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16
Q

Describe phylum Ctenophora?

A
  • Small phylum includes comb jellies, sea walnuts/ sea gooseberries
  • Move with 8 rows of fused cilia
  • Capture prey with colloblast (strong adhesive)
  • More structurally complex than cnidarians
  • Show beginning of many bilateral traits
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17
Q

Describe phylum Platyhelminthes?

A
  • Flatworms that are soft bodied
  • Many parasitic
  • Protostome
  • Acoelomates
  • Move with ciliated epithelia cells
  • Have developed musculature
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18
Q

What are the three classes under phylum Platyhelminthe?

A
  • Turbellaria
  • Trematoda
  • Cercomeromorpha
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19
Q

Describe class Turbellaria?

A
  • Free living flatworms

- In freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments

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20
Q

Describe class Trematoda?

A
  • Flukes

- Parasitic (ecto:outside body, and end:inside body)

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21
Q

Describe class Cheromeromorpha?

A
  • Tapeworms
  • Live as parasites in bodies of other animals
  • Most live in intestines of vertebrates
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22
Q

Describe phylum Rotifera?

A
  • “Wheel animals”
  • Pseudocoelomates
  • Spiralia
  • Complex internal organs
  • Rapidly beating thick cilia at their heads (corona)
  • Corona used for transport or funneling food
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23
Q

Describe phylum Mollusca?

A
  • Second most diverse phylum
  • Mostly live in salt water
  • Wide variety of sizes and body form
  • Includes snails, slugs, clams, octopuses, etc
  • Can be pests
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • All have open circulatory system except for cephalopods
  • Foot of mollusk adapted for movement, attachment, and food capture
  • Mantle: epidermis that covers the dorsal side of the body
  • Radula: rasping tongue-like organ used for crushing/scraping
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24
Q

What are the four classes of Mollusks?

A
  • Polyplacophora
  • Gastropoda
  • Bivalia
  • Cephalopoda
25
Q

Describe class Polyplacophora?

A
  • Chitons
  • Marine mollusks
  • Oval bodies with eight overlapping dorsal calcareous plates
  • Most grazing herbivores
26
Q

Describe class Gastropoda?

A
  • Snails and slugs
  • Mainly marine
  • Pairs of tentacles with eyes at the end
  • During embryonic development they undergo: Torsion (mantle cavity and anus moved from back to front) and coiling (spiral winding of shell)
27
Q

Describe class Bivalvia?

A
  • Clams, scallops, muscles, oysters
  • Have two lateral shells hugest together dorsally
  • Mainly sessile filter feeders
  • Siphons and cilia keep water circulating
28
Q

Describe class Cephalopoda?

A
  • Active marine predators
  • Foot: serious of arms with suction cups
  • Highly developed nervous system
  • Many have ink sac
29
Q

Describe phylum Annelida?

A
  • Annelid worms: always segmented
  • Front segments contain special sensory organs
  • Ventral nerve cord connects ganglia in each segment with each other and with brain
  • Move using coelom
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Exchange O2 and CO2 through body surfaces
30
Q

What two classes fall under Annelida?

A
  • Polychaeta

- Clitellata

31
Q

Describe class Polychaeta?

A
  • Most marine worms
  • Differentiated heads
  • Have paired parapodia in most segments
  • Separate sexes
32
Q

Describe class Clitellata?

A 
Earthworms
-Terrestrial and live underground
-No eyes or head
-Hermaphroditic: both male and female
-Clitellum: secretes mucus that holds worms together during copulation and secretes mucus cocoon
Leeches
-Mostly in freshwater
-Flattened dorsoventrally
-No chaetae
33
Q

Describe phylum Nematoda?

A

Nematodes: roundworms comprising many species
-Found in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial
-Bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented
Pseudocoelomates
-Serve as skeleton
-Circular musculature
-No defined circulatory system
-Covered with flexible thick cuticle
-Are Ecdysozoans: molt cuticle four times and exchange oxygen through cuticle

34
Q

Describe phylum Arthropoda?

A
  • Most successful animals
  • 80% are insects
  • Have join appendages
  • Have exoskeleton made of secreted chitin and protein
  • Segmented bodies (like crickets)
  • Open circulatory system
  • Compound eyes (composed of ind. visual units) but others have simple, basic eyes (ocelli) which have single lens and distinguish light from dark
  • Undergo ecdysis (molting)
35
Q

What are the four classes of Arthropoda?

A
  • Chelicerata
  • Myriapoda
  • Crustacea
  • Insecta
36
Q

Describe class Chelicerate?

A
  • Spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites
  • Body divided into two main tagmata (fused segments): Chelicerae (appendages and most in front of face ex. pinchers) and Pedipalps (posterior to chelicerae ex. legs, used in reproduction, pincers, sensors)
37
Q

Describe class Myriapoda?

A 
Centipedes (possibly poisonous)
-One leg pair on each segment
-Carnivores
 Millipedes 
-2 legs on some or all segments
-Mainly herbivores
38
Q

Describe class Crustacea?

A
  • Primarily aquatic (crabs, shrimp, lobster, barnacles)
  • 3 Tagmata but front two may fuse
  • Two pairs of antennae, 3 pairs of appendages
  • Most appendages biramous (branch into two parts)
  • Mandibles evolved from pair of limbs that took on chewing function
  • Separate sexes
39
Q

Describe class Insecta?

A
  • Insects
  • Largest group of animals
  • Mainly terrestrial
  • 3 body regions: head (compound eyes, antenna), thorax (3 pairs legs, wings), abdomen (organs)
  • Complex digestive tract (takes place in stomach)
  • Undergo metamorphosis: Simple (look like adult) or Complete (transform)
40
Q

Describe phylum Echinodermata?

A
  • Ancient group of marine animals
  • Deuterostomes
  • Endoskeleton
  • Starfish
  • Pentaradial symmetry
  • Exoskeleton made of calcium plates called ossicles
  • Contain mutable collagenous tissue
  • Water vascular system aids in moving, feeding, circulation
  • Sexual and external reproduction but asexual through splitting
41
Q

Describe Chordates?

A
  • Birds
  • Five features:
    1) Nerve cord
    2) Notochord
    3) Pharyngeal slits (gills)
    4) Postanal tail
    5) Endostyle
42
Q

What are the three subphyla of Chordates?

A
  • Cephalochordata
  • Urochordata
  • Vertebrata
43
Q

Describe Cephalochordata?

A
  • First chordates
  • Show typical segmentation
  • No anterior sense organs or brain
  • Feed on plankton using cilia that generate currents
44
Q

Describe Urochordata?

A
  • Tunicates
  • Secrete cellulose tunic that surrounds animal
  • Marine
  • Larvae tadpole like
  • Adults are immobile
45
Q

Describe Vertebrata?

A
  • Vertebrates: Chordates with spinal column
  • Have vertebral column and head (non vertebrates don’t have this)
  • Have internal organs and closed circulatory system
  • Endoskeleton (made of cartilage or bone)
46
Q

Describe Fishes?

A
  • Most diverse vertebrate group
  • Have vertebral column
  • Have jaws and paired appendages
  • Have internal gills
  • Have single loop blood circulation
  • Have nutritional deficiencies
47
Q

Describe the history of fishes?

A
  • First fish had no jaws
  • Cyclostomata: Jawless fish that included lampreys and hagfish
  • First vertebrates to develop teeth (evolved from scales)
  • Have lateral line system: series of sensory organs that detect water pressure changes
  • Acanthodii (spiny fishes)
  • Placodermi (armored fishes)
  • Bony fish are most species rich of all vertebrates
  • Swim bladdar: gas filled sac that allows body fish to regulate buoyancy
  • Gill cover: hard plate covers gills and moves to keep water flowing through gills
48
Q

What are the two major groups of bony fish?

A
  • Class Actinopterygii (no muscle in fin) ray finned fishes

- Class Sarcopterygil (fleshy and muscular lobe) lobe finned fishes

49
Q

Describe class Amphibia?

A
  • Damped skinned vertebrates
  • First vertebrates to walk on land
  • Adapted legs, lungs, redesigned heart, reproduction in H2O
  • Evolved from lobe finned fish
  • Redesigned circulation (2 to 3 chambered heart
50
Q

What are Amniotes?

A
  • Animals with amniotic egg (protected by shell)
  • Has four membranes
  • Water tight
  • Internal fertilization
51
Q

Describe class Reptilia?

A
  • Have amniotic egg
  • Dry skin prevents H2O loss
  • Thoracic breathing
  • Better circulation
52
Q

Describe Archosauria?

A
  • First bipedal vertebrates were dinosauria
  • Complex parental care
  • 4 chambered heart
  • 2 groups today: crocodylia and aves
53
Q

Describe class Aves?

A
  • Direct descendent to carnivorous dinosaures
  • Most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates
  • Feathered
  • Hollow and thin bones
  • Efficient respiration
  • Efficient circulation
  • Endothermy (body temp. allows higher metabolic rate)
54
Q

Describe Mammals?

A
  • Hair
  • Mammary glands
  • Endothermy: depends on more efficient circulation and respiration
55
Q

What are the three orders in class Mammalia?

A
  • Monotremes
  • Marsupials
  • Placental Mammals
56
Q

Describe order Monotremes?

A
  • Amniotic eggs

- Have single opening, cloaca, for digestion and reproductive tracts

57
Q

Describe order Marsupial?

A
  • Embryo (nourished by yolk and born underdeveloped, like kangaroo)
  • After birth crawls into pouch and latches onto nipple
58
Q

Describe order Placental Mammals?

A
  • Most living mammals

- Placenta

Biology 110 (15 decks)

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