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Biology 110 > Behavior Biology > Flashcards

Behavior Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe behavior?

A
  • The way an organism responds to stimulus in its environment
  • 2 components of behavior: immediate cause and evolutionary origin
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2
Q

What is proximate causation?

A
  • “how” of behavior

- measures hormone level and impulse of nerve signal

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3
Q

What is ultimate causation?

A
  • “why” of behavior

- how behavior influences reproductive success

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4
Q

Describe innate behavior?

A
  • Innate behavior is instinctive (no learning required)
  • Sign Stimulus: not specific, can be triggered by certain things then action must go through until completion
    ex. anything round triggers goose to pull object into nest like an egg
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5
Q

Describe behavioral genetics?

A
  • behavioral differences among individuals often results from genetic differences
  • behaviors can be bred in/out of animals
  • genetics play a role in determining behavior
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6
Q

What is associative learning?

A
  • Association between two stimuli or between stimulus and response
  • Two types: classical and operant conditioning
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7
Q

Describe classical conditioning?

A
  • The paired presentation of two kinds of stimuli with associative form between them
    ex. bell paired with food to make dog salivate
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8
Q

Describe operant conditioning?

A

-Behavior is associated with reward or punishment

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9
Q

Describe instinct?

A
  • Instinct guides learning
  • It determines what info can be learned through conditioning
    ex. pigeons can learn to associate food with color but not with sound
  • Learning possible within genetics
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10
Q

What is imprinting?

A
  • social attachment to other individuals

- develop preferences that will influence behavior later in life

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11
Q

What is filial imprinting?

A

-attachment between parents and offspring

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12
Q

Describe how behavior develops differently in certain species?

A
  • Some species must learn certain behaviors in order to be able to breed
    ex. some male birds learn courtship song when young from hearing it from others
  • Other species just know certain behaviors that will have them breed
    ex. Cuckoos are raised by a different species but still know their own breeding song (innate)
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13
Q

Define migration and navigation?

A
  • Migration: involves a population moving large distances

- Navigation: the ability to set or adjust a bearing (sun/stars=general direction, earths magnetic field=specific path)

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14
Q

What is a stimulus-response chain?

A
  • Behavior of one individual release a behavior by another individual
    ex. birds dance before mating
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15
Q

What are examples of long distance communication?

A
  • Pheromones: chemical messengers, sex attractant
  • Acoustic Signals: vocal calls, wing clicking
  • Light Signals: fireflies
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16
Q

What other roles does communication play?

A
  • Facilitates group living
    ex. guards set off an alarm so the group can hide
    ex. social insect produce pheromones that trigger attach or foraging behavior
17
Q

What is behavior ecology?

A
  • The study of how natural selection shapes behavior
  • It covers the evolution of behavior
    ex. gull nestlings hatch and parents remove shells of eggs because if birds see the shells they feed on the hatchlings
18
Q

Describe foraging behavior?

A
  • Foraging: involves trade off between food’s energy content and cost of obtaining the food (don’t burn more calories than you burn)
    ex. cheetah burns a lot of energy chasing food so the chase must be worth it
19
Q

Describe the optimal foraging theory?

A

Natural selection favors individuals whose foraging behavior is energetically efficient

20
Q

What is the benefit of territorial behavior?

A
  • secures resources
  • increases food intake
  • exclusive access to females
  • BUT must defend against intrusion of other individuals
  • during nonmoving season the territory size decreases and aggression decreases
21
Q

Describe parental investment?

A
  • contributions each sex makes in producing and rearing offspring
  • females generally have bigger investment
  • Sexual selection: females are selective because its more expensive for them to reproduce (males usually less choosy)
22
Q

Describe female and male mate choice?

A
  • Female: evaluate males quality, they rarely mate with the first male they encounter
    ex. peahens mate with peacocks with more eyespots on their tails
  • Males: engage in mate choice less than females, compete for available females
23
Q

Describe extra-pair copulations?

A
  • Mating outside monogamous pair
  • AKA social monogamy
    ex. Red winged blackbirds: half of nests contain hatchlings fertilized by a male not defending the territory
24
Q

What’s the advantage for males and females of extra-pair copulations?

A
  • Males: increases number of offspring

- Females: genetically superior individuals are mated with even if the female is paired with another male

25
Q

What is Altruism?

A

-Performance of an action that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor

26
Q

What is Reciprocal Altruism?

A
  • Partnership in which mutual exchanges of altruistic acts occur because they benefit both participants
  • Those who don’t participate in this are discriminated against
    ex. Vampire bats share a blood meal, if a bat chooses not to share their blood then they won’t be allowed to eat another blood meal
27
Q

What is Kin Selection?

A
  • direct genetic advantage

- altruism is directed more at those more closely related

28
Q

What is a Eusocial society?

A
  • have really defined roles
  • Hymenoptera (class insecta)
    ex. in a bee hive, a single queen lays eggs. The workers don’t lay eggs but just assist the mother in reproduction
29
Q

What is a society?

A

-group of organisms of the same species that are organized in a cooperative manner

30
Q

What are the advantages of being in a society?

A
  • kin selection: greater odds of alleles surviving in the gene pool
  • greater protection from predators
  • increase feeding/mating success
31
Q

What are Castes?

A
  • groups of individuals that differ in size and morphology and perform different tasks (polymorphism)
    ex. fire ants and leaf-cutter ants perform different tasks

Biology 110 (15 decks)

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