Final Flashcards
Describe Hepatophyta and the members of it?
- Supergroup Archaeplastida
- Liverworts
- usually no connective tissue/ poorly developed tissue
- gametophyte (leafy structure) dominant
- sporophyte is parasitic on the gametophyte
- need moist environments so sperm can get to egg
- may be most reasonable model for what early plants were like
Describe Zygomcyota?
- not monophyletic
- diverse: includes common bread molds and few human pathogens
- lack septa in their hyphae except when reproducing
- most of their cycle is haploid
- sexual or asexual reproduction
Describe Bryophytes?
- had three phyla: mosses, liverworts, hornworts
- dominant gametophyte generationi
Describe Dinoflagellates?
- from Chromalveolata
- photosynthetic
- unicellular
- has flagella
- aquatic environments
- some are bioluminescent
- can cause “red tides”
Describe Foraminifera?
- from Rhizaria
- pore studded tests which podia emerge from (used to swim and eat)
- produce limestone with tests
- most closely related to Radiolara
Describe Radiolara?
- from Rhizaria
- produce intricate mineral skeletons
- needle-like pseudopods
- most closely related to Foraminifera
Describe Deuterostomes?
- develop anus first from blastopore and then mouth develops later from another region of the embryo
- have radial cleavage: cells stay in position as they divide
- have indeterminate development (embryonic cells can develop a new individual)
Describe Protostomes?
- develop the mouth first from blastopore then anus later if present
- have spiral cleavage: cells move as they divide
- have determinate development: embryonic cells will form specific body regions so if one is removed then the development stops
- the coelom forms from splitting the mesoderm
Describe Nematocysts?
- part of phylum Cnidaria
- contains a harpoon used to get food and defend itself
What is the Telome theory?
-explains the development of leaves
Describe Chordates?
- birds
- have, at some point: nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits (gills), postanal tail, endostyle
- these 5 characteristics may disappear/only be present during development
Describe Amphibians?
- are damp-skinned vertebrates
- first vertebrates to walk on land
- adapted by forming legs, lungs, a redesigned heart to drive larger muscles
- evolved from lobe-finned fish
- heart went from 2 to 3 chambered to allow for circulation to the lungs
- evolved form class Sarcopterygii
Describe Microsporidia
- parasites that infect animals
- unicellular
- once thought to be protists
Describe Chelicerata?
- spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, daddy long legs, ticks and mites
- body divided into two main tagmata
- Chelicerae: appendages mostly i front of face that often function as fangs/pincers
- Pedipalps: things that are next to chelicerae, resemble legs, used in reproduction/pincers/sensors
What clade do most living plants belong to?
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
What are the advantages of segmentation?
- allows for repeated organ systems
- allows more efficient and flexible movement
Describe Cicadophyta?
- look like ferns or palm trees
- slow growing
- tropical
- pollinated by beetles
- sperm with flagella
- dioecious (male and female)
What supergroup includes animals?
Opisthonkonta
What is the most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms?
Protista
What process creates eggs and sperms from the gametophyte generation in plants?
Mitosis
Describe Basidiomycota?
- mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi and some plant pathogens
- dikaryotic*
Describe Arthropoda?
- most diverse and abundant phylum of animals
- most successful animals
- have jointed appendages
- have exoskeleton made of chitin and protein
- segmented body, some fused into tagmata
- compound eyes: composed of independent visual units but others may have basic/simple eyes called ocelli
Describe Pteridophytes?
- seedless vascular plants
- megaphylls (true leaves) first developed in the clade
Describe hyphae?
- long, slender filaments
- some divided by septa
- cytoplasm flows through them
- fungi are made of them
Describe Parazoa?
- it is an animal clade
- sponges
- don’t have tissues or organs
- have ability to redifferentiate and dedifferentiate cells
Is multicellularity monophyletic?
-No, it evolved more than once in history
Describe Cephalochordata?
- first chordates were cephalochordates
- have chordate characteristics throughout life
- segmentation
- no anterior sense organs or brain
- feed on plankton using cili-generated currents
Describe Brown Algae?
Diatoms: unicellular organisms that have unique double shells made of silica
-not plants
Describe Platyhelminthes?
- soft bodied flatworms
- many species parasitic
- are protostomes (mouth develops first)
- are acoelomates
- move via ciliated epithelial cells
- have developed musculature
Describe Gymnosperms?
- naked seed (female cone)
- no flowers or fruits
- most are trees or shrubs
- more advanced than seedless vasculatures
Is chitin found in both plant and fungal cell walls?
No
What are Parabasalids?
- live in termite guts
- undulating membrane for locomotion
- use flagella
- lack mitochrondia: derived trait
Describe Echinoderms?
- ancient group of marine animals
- deuterostomes
- have an endoskeleton
Are animals multicellular or unicellular?
All animals are multicellular
Describe Ascomycota?
- contains 75% of known fungi: includes bread yeasts, common molds, many plant pathogens, cup fungi and morels
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae: yeast used to make bread/beer/wine
Describe Mollusca?
- clams and oysters
- has foot for movement
- mostly sessile feeders
- bilaterally similar
- open circulatory system
What are the levels of classification of an earthworm?
- Animalia
- Annelida
- Clitellata
Why is it beneficial for plants to have seeds?
- protects the embryo
- provides nutrients to the growing embryo
- can be easily dispersed
- can choose more adequate conditions for plant growth
What are the three clades of mammals and their development strategies?
- Montremes: lay amniotic egg
- Marsupials: embryo, nourished by yolk, born underdeveloped, returns to marsupial pouch
- Placental: derived from amniotic egg, embryo attached to mother and exchanges nutrients
Describe Choanoflagellida?
- most like the common ancestors of animals
- single flagellum surrounded by funnel-shaped collar (structure matched in sponges)
- resembles choanocytes/collar cells found in Porifera
What do pollen grains consist of?
- tube cell
- generative cell
What functions does the nephron provide?
- inside kidney
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
What is the majority of blood made of?
-Plasma and red blood cells
What part of the digestive system is primary for absorbing nutrients?
Small intestine
Is epithelial tissue part of plant tissue?
- no
- dermal, ground, and vascular tissue are part of plant tissue
Describe the four membranes of the amniotic egg?
- Amnion: fluid, maintains chemical consistency and temperature
- Yolk Sac: 2nd membrane, encloses yolk of eggs full of nutrients loaded with proteins and fats
- Allantois: 3rd membrane, stores metabolic wastes, acts as respiratory surface which exchanges gasses
- Chorion: 4th membrane, outermost and protective membrane which is fused to allantois, gas exchange
Describe stomata?
- opened/closed via guard cells
- open or close based on water available
What organelle needs the oxygen that’s needed to perform aerobic respiration?
Mitochondria
Describe tissues?
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Describe ectotherms?
- produce no heat
- low metabolic rates
- regulate temperatures through behaviors
Describe endoderms?
- produce heat
- high metabolic rate
- need insulation
- cool through sweating or panting
Describe intracellular digestion?
- single celled organisms and sponges do this
- each cell digests for itself
- no digestion in a body cavity
Describe Oviparity?
- internal fertilization
- fertilized eggs are deposited outside the body to complete their development
Describe Ovoviviparity?
- internal fertilization
- fertilized eggs are kept in mother to complete development and young obtain food from egg yolk
Describe Viviparity?
- internal fertilization
- young develop within mother and obtain nourishment from her blood
What is the most common type of plant cell?
Parenchyma cells
What replaces the function of teeth in birds?
- two chambered stomach
- gizzard
How do amphibians obtain oxygen?
-cutaneous respiration: their thin, moist skin with many capillaries allows gas exchange
Describe veins?
- blood is collected in venules
- venules lead to larger vessels called beings
- veins carry blood back to heart
- structurally have two structures within them that can look like they’re in the way
Is bone a connective tissue?
No
Describe Aquaporins?
- water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes
- speed up osmosis
- allow for equilibrium to be established quickly
Describe Aquaporins?
- water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes
- speed up osmosis
- allow for equilibrium to be established quickly
- not necessary for water to get through unless the membrane is very fatty/much chlorestoral
Describe binary fission?
- division of one cell into two equal/almost equal parts (daughter cells)
- happens to most single celled organisms
- asexual reproduction
Describe class Insecta?
- have specialized respiratory structures
- Spiracles are openings in the exoskeleton that lead to ducts called trachea
- trachea subdivide into tracheoles
What is a sieve cell and sieve tube members?
a specific type of phloem cell
Describe Coprophagy?
- eating of feces
- it is not often exhibited by carnivores
Describe the circulatory system of sponges?
- lack separate circulatory system (have none)
- they carry oxygen throughout by having smaller size which allows for diffusion (large surface area, small volume)
What is Parthenogenesis?
- having offspring from an unfertilized egg
- known as apomixis in plants
- has been shown to occur in vertebrates
Why do large organisms require specialized breathing structures while small organisms do not?
- smaller: gas exchange through skin,
- larger: require more oxygen because had to perform more functions (metabolically, etc)
Describe how sharks vs other marine fish osmoregulate?
- sharks: are isotonic to seawater, urea is reabsorbed and pooled in blood so that the solute concentration in the blood is that of sea water (osmoconformers)
- other marine fish: hypotonic to seawater, water leaves their bodies by osmosis across their gills (saltwater fish), hypertonic to fresh water, water enters body from environment (freshwater fish) are
What are the positives and negatives of being endothermic?
- Positives: can regulate your temperature to adapt/regulate your metabolism, can sustain high energy activity
- Negative: requires constant and high energy intake
What is a cecum?
-structure attached to small intestine used by horses, rabbits and deer to digest cellulose
How do reptiles usually excrete uric acid?
nitrogenous wastes in the body tend to form toxic ammonia which is excreted as uric acid in reptiles
What plant hormone retards plant growth?
ethylene
What is an endemic species?
species that are found naturally in only one geographic area
What cells are used for rapid turgor pressure changes?
-pulvini cells
What cells are used for rapid turgor pressure changes?
pulvini cells
Describe the Island Biogeography Theory?
- small islands have higher extinction rates than larger
- islands close to mainlands have higher immigration rates than those far away
- large islands close to mainlands have more species than small islands far from mainlands
What plant hormone causes crown gall tumors in plants and promotes growth of lateral buds into branches?
cytokinins
If K=N, then the population is…?
stable
Define niche?
total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment
Describe habitat fragmentation?
- habitats are “broken up”
- there are suitable areas broken up by unsuitable areas
What are edge effects?
temperature at edge of habitat is less than that of center of habitat.
What are noicireceptors?
- free nerve endings
- sense cell damage
- perceived as pain
What is causing acidic oceans?
-increased amounts of H2CO3
What is a trophic cascade?
- one species being effected can effect another
ex. the amount of phytoplankton in the world is decreasing which could have an effect on the number of penguins
Describe nutrients and energy?
- nutrients cycle
- energy flows
Describe the Allee Effect?
-it is positive feedback to population density
What is the Ampullae of Lorenzini?
-an electroreceptor that can sense electrical currents generated by the muscle contractions of their prey
Where does Auxin accumulate and what does it do?
- accumulates where amyloplasts are present
- it causes growth of one side of stem which eventually causes plant to bend
What is resource partitioning?
- similar species forage on different parts of environment to reduce competition
ex. lizards choose certain parts of a tree to forage on
Describe the Optimal Foraging Theory?
when trying to obtain food, trade off between energy expended and energy gained from food is made. The theory states that the less energy used to obtain food is optimal.
What are K-selected populations?
What are K-selected populations?
- they adapt to thrive when the carrying capacity is being reached
- can be shown by humans and elephants
- have low numbers of offspring but offspring are generally larger and have greater chances of survival
How is sexual selection different in males and females?
- females: pickier about who to mate with because they invest more time, have to make eggs which are harder/more costly, females generally have to carry young to birth and raise them
- males: less picky about who to mate with less costly to make sperm and they just want to get as many of their offspring out into the world
What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?
population growth thrives at moderate disturbances but decreases with low or high disturbances
What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?
communities with moderate disturbances have higher levels of species richness than those with little or greater disturbances
Why is it important to preserve biodiversity?
-humans depend on it for food, medicine, pollinators, buffers against storms, water quality
What are Dichromats?
- 2 kinds of cones
- carnivores are dichromates
What are Trichromats?
- 3 kinds of cones
- humans are trichromats
What are Tetrachromats?
- 4 kinds of cones
- birds are tetrachromats
Who exhibits type 1 survivorship?
-humans and elephants
Describe the nitrogen cycle?
- an animal eats then either dies or excretes urea
- urea turns into NH3
- nitrogen fixation turns NH3 into NO3-
- NO3- goes through denitrification then becomes N2 in the atmosphere
