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Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe Hepatophyta and the members of it?

A
  • Supergroup Archaeplastida
  • Liverworts
  • usually no connective tissue/ poorly developed tissue
  • gametophyte (leafy structure) dominant
  • sporophyte is parasitic on the gametophyte
  • need moist environments so sperm can get to egg
  • may be most reasonable model for what early plants were like
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2
Q

Describe Zygomcyota?

A
  • not monophyletic
  • diverse: includes common bread molds and few human pathogens
  • lack septa in their hyphae except when reproducing
  • most of their cycle is haploid
  • sexual or asexual reproduction
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3
Q

Describe Bryophytes?

A
  • had three phyla: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

- dominant gametophyte generationi

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4
Q

Describe Dinoflagellates?

A
  • from Chromalveolata
  • photosynthetic
  • unicellular
  • has flagella
  • aquatic environments
  • some are bioluminescent
  • can cause “red tides”
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5
Q

Describe Foraminifera?

A
  • from Rhizaria
  • pore studded tests which podia emerge from (used to swim and eat)
  • produce limestone with tests
  • most closely related to Radiolara
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6
Q

Describe Radiolara?

A
  • from Rhizaria
  • produce intricate mineral skeletons
  • needle-like pseudopods
  • most closely related to Foraminifera
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7
Q

Describe Deuterostomes?

A
  • develop anus first from blastopore and then mouth develops later from another region of the embryo
  • have radial cleavage: cells stay in position as they divide
  • have indeterminate development (embryonic cells can develop a new individual)
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8
Q

Describe Protostomes?

A
  • develop the mouth first from blastopore then anus later if present
  • have spiral cleavage: cells move as they divide
  • have determinate development: embryonic cells will form specific body regions so if one is removed then the development stops
  • the coelom forms from splitting the mesoderm
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9
Q

Describe Nematocysts?

A
  • part of phylum Cnidaria

- contains a harpoon used to get food and defend itself

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10
Q

What is the Telome theory?

A

-explains the development of leaves

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11
Q

Describe Chordates?

A
  • birds
  • have, at some point: nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits (gills), postanal tail, endostyle
  • these 5 characteristics may disappear/only be present during development
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12
Q

Describe Amphibians?

A
  • are damp-skinned vertebrates
  • first vertebrates to walk on land
  • adapted by forming legs, lungs, a redesigned heart to drive larger muscles
  • evolved from lobe-finned fish
  • heart went from 2 to 3 chambered to allow for circulation to the lungs
  • evolved form class Sarcopterygii
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13
Q

Describe Microsporidia

A
  • parasites that infect animals
  • unicellular
  • once thought to be protists
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14
Q

Describe Chelicerata?

A
  • spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, daddy long legs, ticks and mites
  • body divided into two main tagmata
  • Chelicerae: appendages mostly i front of face that often function as fangs/pincers
  • Pedipalps: things that are next to chelicerae, resemble legs, used in reproduction/pincers/sensors
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15
Q

What clade do most living plants belong to?

A

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

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16
Q

What are the advantages of segmentation?

A
  • allows for repeated organ systems

- allows more efficient and flexible movement

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17
Q

Describe Cicadophyta?

A
  • look like ferns or palm trees
  • slow growing
  • tropical
  • pollinated by beetles
  • sperm with flagella
  • dioecious (male and female)
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18
Q

What supergroup includes animals?

A

Opisthonkonta

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19
Q

What is the most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms?

A

Protista

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20
Q

What process creates eggs and sperms from the gametophyte generation in plants?

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

Describe Basidiomycota?

A
  • mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi and some plant pathogens

- dikaryotic*

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22
Q

Describe Arthropoda?

A
  • most diverse and abundant phylum of animals
  • most successful animals
  • have jointed appendages
  • have exoskeleton made of chitin and protein
  • segmented body, some fused into tagmata
  • compound eyes: composed of independent visual units but others may have basic/simple eyes called ocelli
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23
Q

Describe Pteridophytes?

A
  • seedless vascular plants

- megaphylls (true leaves) first developed in the clade

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24
Q

Describe hyphae?

A
  • long, slender filaments
  • some divided by septa
  • cytoplasm flows through them
  • fungi are made of them
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25
Q

Describe Parazoa?

A
  • it is an animal clade
  • sponges
  • don’t have tissues or organs
  • have ability to redifferentiate and dedifferentiate cells
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26
Q

Is multicellularity monophyletic?

A

-No, it evolved more than once in history

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27
Q

Describe Cephalochordata?

A
  • first chordates were cephalochordates
  • have chordate characteristics throughout life
  • segmentation
  • no anterior sense organs or brain
  • feed on plankton using cili-generated currents
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28
Q

Describe Brown Algae?

A

Diatoms: unicellular organisms that have unique double shells made of silica
-not plants

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29
Q

Describe Platyhelminthes?

A
  • soft bodied flatworms
  • many species parasitic
  • are protostomes (mouth develops first)
  • are acoelomates
  • move via ciliated epithelial cells
  • have developed musculature
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30
Q

Describe Gymnosperms?

A
  • naked seed (female cone)
  • no flowers or fruits
  • most are trees or shrubs
  • more advanced than seedless vasculatures
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31
Q

Is chitin found in both plant and fungal cell walls?

A

No

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32
Q

What are Parabasalids?

A
  • live in termite guts
  • undulating membrane for locomotion
  • use flagella
  • lack mitochrondia: derived trait
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33
Q

Describe Echinoderms?

A
  • ancient group of marine animals
  • deuterostomes
  • have an endoskeleton
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34
Q

Are animals multicellular or unicellular?

A

All animals are multicellular

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35
Q

Describe Ascomycota?

A
  • contains 75% of known fungi: includes bread yeasts, common molds, many plant pathogens, cup fungi and morels
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae: yeast used to make bread/beer/wine
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36
Q

Describe Mollusca?

A
  • clams and oysters
  • has foot for movement
  • mostly sessile feeders
  • bilaterally similar
  • open circulatory system
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37
Q

What are the levels of classification of an earthworm?

A
  • Animalia
  • Annelida
  • Clitellata
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38
Q

Why is it beneficial for plants to have seeds?

A
  • protects the embryo
  • provides nutrients to the growing embryo
  • can be easily dispersed
  • can choose more adequate conditions for plant growth
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39
Q

What are the three clades of mammals and their development strategies?

A
  • Montremes: lay amniotic egg
  • Marsupials: embryo, nourished by yolk, born underdeveloped, returns to marsupial pouch
  • Placental: derived from amniotic egg, embryo attached to mother and exchanges nutrients
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40
Q

Describe Choanoflagellida?

A
  • most like the common ancestors of animals
  • single flagellum surrounded by funnel-shaped collar (structure matched in sponges)
  • resembles choanocytes/collar cells found in Porifera
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41
Q

What do pollen grains consist of?

A
  • tube cell

- generative cell

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42
Q

What functions does the nephron provide?

A
  • inside kidney
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
43
Q

What is the majority of blood made of?

A

-Plasma and red blood cells

44
Q

What part of the digestive system is primary for absorbing nutrients?

A

Small intestine

45
Q

Is epithelial tissue part of plant tissue?

A
  • no

- dermal, ground, and vascular tissue are part of plant tissue

46
Q

Describe the four membranes of the amniotic egg?

A
  • Amnion: fluid, maintains chemical consistency and temperature
  • Yolk Sac: 2nd membrane, encloses yolk of eggs full of nutrients loaded with proteins and fats
  • Allantois: 3rd membrane, stores metabolic wastes, acts as respiratory surface which exchanges gasses
  • Chorion: 4th membrane, outermost and protective membrane which is fused to allantois, gas exchange
47
Q

Describe stomata?

A
  • opened/closed via guard cells

- open or close based on water available

48
Q

What organelle needs the oxygen that’s needed to perform aerobic respiration?

A

Mitochondria

49
Q

Describe tissues?

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

50
Q

Describe ectotherms?

A
  • produce no heat
  • low metabolic rates
  • regulate temperatures through behaviors
51
Q

Describe endoderms?

A
  • produce heat
  • high metabolic rate
  • need insulation
  • cool through sweating or panting
52
Q

Describe intracellular digestion?

A
  • single celled organisms and sponges do this
  • each cell digests for itself
  • no digestion in a body cavity
53
Q

Describe Oviparity?

A
  • internal fertilization

- fertilized eggs are deposited outside the body to complete their development

54
Q

Describe Ovoviviparity?

A
  • internal fertilization

- fertilized eggs are kept in mother to complete development and young obtain food from egg yolk

55
Q

Describe Viviparity?

A
  • internal fertilization

- young develop within mother and obtain nourishment from her blood

56
Q

What is the most common type of plant cell?

A

Parenchyma cells

57
Q

What replaces the function of teeth in birds?

A
  • two chambered stomach

- gizzard

58
Q

How do amphibians obtain oxygen?

A

-cutaneous respiration: their thin, moist skin with many capillaries allows gas exchange

59
Q

Describe veins?

A
  • blood is collected in venules
  • venules lead to larger vessels called beings
  • veins carry blood back to heart
  • structurally have two structures within them that can look like they’re in the way
60
Q

Is bone a connective tissue?

A

No

61
Q

Describe Aquaporins?

A
  • water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes
  • speed up osmosis
  • allow for equilibrium to be established quickly
62
Q

Describe Aquaporins?

A
  • water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes
  • speed up osmosis
  • allow for equilibrium to be established quickly
  • not necessary for water to get through unless the membrane is very fatty/much chlorestoral
63
Q

Describe binary fission?

A
  • division of one cell into two equal/almost equal parts (daughter cells)
  • happens to most single celled organisms
  • asexual reproduction
64
Q

Describe class Insecta?

A
  • have specialized respiratory structures
  • Spiracles are openings in the exoskeleton that lead to ducts called trachea
  • trachea subdivide into tracheoles
65
Q

What is a sieve cell and sieve tube members?

A

a specific type of phloem cell

66
Q

Describe Coprophagy?

A
  • eating of feces

- it is not often exhibited by carnivores

67
Q

Describe the circulatory system of sponges?

A
  • lack separate circulatory system (have none)

- they carry oxygen throughout by having smaller size which allows for diffusion (large surface area, small volume)

68
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A
  • having offspring from an unfertilized egg
  • known as apomixis in plants
  • has been shown to occur in vertebrates
69
Q

Why do large organisms require specialized breathing structures while small organisms do not?

A
  • smaller: gas exchange through skin,

- larger: require more oxygen because had to perform more functions (metabolically, etc)

70
Q

Describe how sharks vs other marine fish osmoregulate?

A
  • sharks: are isotonic to seawater, urea is reabsorbed and pooled in blood so that the solute concentration in the blood is that of sea water (osmoconformers)
  • other marine fish: hypotonic to seawater, water leaves their bodies by osmosis across their gills (saltwater fish), hypertonic to fresh water, water enters body from environment (freshwater fish) are
71
Q

What are the positives and negatives of being endothermic?

A
  • Positives: can regulate your temperature to adapt/regulate your metabolism, can sustain high energy activity
  • Negative: requires constant and high energy intake
72
Q

What is a cecum?

A

-structure attached to small intestine used by horses, rabbits and deer to digest cellulose

73
Q

How do reptiles usually excrete uric acid?

A

nitrogenous wastes in the body tend to form toxic ammonia which is excreted as uric acid in reptiles

74
Q

What plant hormone retards plant growth?

A

ethylene

75
Q

What is an endemic species?

A

species that are found naturally in only one geographic area

76
Q

What cells are used for rapid turgor pressure changes?

A

-pulvini cells

77
Q

What cells are used for rapid turgor pressure changes?

A

pulvini cells

78
Q

Describe the Island Biogeography Theory?

A
  • small islands have higher extinction rates than larger
  • islands close to mainlands have higher immigration rates than those far away
  • large islands close to mainlands have more species than small islands far from mainlands
79
Q

What plant hormone causes crown gall tumors in plants and promotes growth of lateral buds into branches?

A

cytokinins

80
Q

If K=N, then the population is…?

A

stable

81
Q

Define niche?

A

total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment

82
Q

Describe habitat fragmentation?

A
  • habitats are “broken up”

- there are suitable areas broken up by unsuitable areas

83
Q

What are edge effects?

A

temperature at edge of habitat is less than that of center of habitat.

84
Q

What are noicireceptors?

A
  • free nerve endings
  • sense cell damage
  • perceived as pain
85
Q

What is causing acidic oceans?

A

-increased amounts of H2CO3

86
Q

What is a trophic cascade?

A
  • one species being effected can effect another

ex. the amount of phytoplankton in the world is decreasing which could have an effect on the number of penguins

87
Q

Describe nutrients and energy?

A
  • nutrients cycle

- energy flows

88
Q

Describe the Allee Effect?

A

-it is positive feedback to population density

89
Q

What is the Ampullae of Lorenzini?

A

-an electroreceptor that can sense electrical currents generated by the muscle contractions of their prey

90
Q

Where does Auxin accumulate and what does it do?

A
  • accumulates where amyloplasts are present

- it causes growth of one side of stem which eventually causes plant to bend

91
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A
  • similar species forage on different parts of environment to reduce competition
    ex. lizards choose certain parts of a tree to forage on
92
Q

Describe the Optimal Foraging Theory?

A

when trying to obtain food, trade off between energy expended and energy gained from food is made. The theory states that the less energy used to obtain food is optimal.

93
Q

What are K-selected populations?

A
94
Q

What are K-selected populations?

A
  • they adapt to thrive when the carrying capacity is being reached
  • can be shown by humans and elephants
  • have low numbers of offspring but offspring are generally larger and have greater chances of survival
95
Q

How is sexual selection different in males and females?

A
  • females: pickier about who to mate with because they invest more time, have to make eggs which are harder/more costly, females generally have to carry young to birth and raise them
  • males: less picky about who to mate with less costly to make sperm and they just want to get as many of their offspring out into the world
96
Q

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

population growth thrives at moderate disturbances but decreases with low or high disturbances

97
Q

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

communities with moderate disturbances have higher levels of species richness than those with little or greater disturbances

98
Q

Why is it important to preserve biodiversity?

A

-humans depend on it for food, medicine, pollinators, buffers against storms, water quality

99
Q

What are Dichromats?

A
  • 2 kinds of cones

- carnivores are dichromates

100
Q

What are Trichromats?

A
  • 3 kinds of cones

- humans are trichromats

101
Q

What are Tetrachromats?

A
  • 4 kinds of cones

- birds are tetrachromats

102
Q

Who exhibits type 1 survivorship?

A

-humans and elephants

103
Q

Describe the nitrogen cycle?

A
  • an animal eats then either dies or excretes urea
  • urea turns into NH3
  • nitrogen fixation turns NH3 into NO3-
  • NO3- goes through denitrification then becomes N2 in the atmosphere

Biology 110 (15 decks)

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