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Biology 3 - Genetics > Proteinsynthesis > Flashcards

Proteinsynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is proteinsynthesis

A

process of making proteins where amino acids are linearly arranged to fold into complex proteins

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2
Q

describe the process of proteinsynthesis in the transcription stage

A
  • RNA polymerase attaches to start codon
  • separates double helix structure
  • polymerase moves along gene making a strand of mRNA out of free bases in nucleus
  • uses coding DNA in the gene as a template to make the mRNA
  • base pairing between DNA and RNA ensures the mRNA is complementary to the gene
  • mRNA processed by adding and deleting sections of RNA
  • mRNA moves out of nucleus into cytoplasm where it joins with a ribisome
  • process is transcription
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3
Q

what nucleotides match up in proteinsynthesis

A

C and G

A and T

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4
Q

what happens when RNA places a complement to an ‘A’ on the DNA template

A
  • it complements it with a ‘U’ for uracil

- RNA uses uracil instead of thymine

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5
Q

what effect does the order of bases in a gene have

A

it decides the order of amino acids in a protein

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6
Q

what are the parts of dna that dont code for proteins responsible for

A
  • switching genes on and off so they control whether a gene is expressed or not
  • this is used to make specific proteins from controlling the start and end codons and what genes compose an amino acid to create the protein
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7
Q

where are proteins made

A

in the cytoplasm on tiny structures call ribisomes

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8
Q

why is mRNA used to make proteins instead of using the DNA itself

A

because dna in the nucleus of cells cant move out as they are too big

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9
Q

how does mRNA act like a messenger

A
  • because it carries the code copied from the dna to the ribisome
  • its the method in which they communicate
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10
Q

list some examples of proteins that are made from proteinsynthesis

A
  • enzymes
  • hormones
  • structural proteins
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11
Q

what is the role of an enzyme

A

acts as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the body

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12
Q

what is the role of hormones

A

to carry messages around the body through the blood

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13
Q

what is the role of structural proteins

A
  • theyre just physically strong so theyre used as building blocks
  • collagen is a structural protein that strengthens connective tissue
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14
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

chains of amino acids in a polypeptide bond

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15
Q

how are proteins made from amino acids

A

the chain of amino acids fold up to create a complex 3D structure

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16
Q

what is the significance of the randomness o how the chain of amino acids fold

A
  • it gives each protein a different and specific shape

- meaning each protein has its own different function

17
Q

how are particular proteins coded for

A
  • each gene contains a different sequence of bases

- which is what allows it to code for a different protein

18
Q

what is RNA polymerase and what is its function

A
  • RNA polymerase is an enzyme

- it is involved in joining together RNA nucleotide to make mRNA

19
Q

describe the process of proteinsynthesis in the translation stage

A
  • ribosomes bind to start codon on mRNA
  • ribosome reads mRNA 3 bases at a time to produce amino acids
  • tRNA carries the corresponding amino acids to ribisomes
    in the order mRNA is read
  • added to growing chain of amino acids with peptide bonds
  • polypeptide chain of amino acids fold into complex 3D shape to form protein when last amino acid is added
20
Q

what does the order in which the amino acids are brought to the ribosome match in proteinsynthesis

A

the order of the base triplets in the mRNA (in other words, codons)

21
Q

what is an anticodon and what is part of

A
  • anticodon is part of the tRNA
  • it is complementary to the codon for the amino acid
  • the pairing of the codon and anticodon makes sure that the amino acids are brought to the ribosome in the correct order
22
Q

how can non coding regions still affect the phenotype of an organism

A
  • RNA polymerase binds to the region of non coding DNA in front of a gene
  • if mutation happens, it could affect the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to it
23
Q

what does how well RNA polymerase can bind to the non coding part of DNA affect

A
  • how much mRNA is transcribed
  • and therefore how much of the protein is produced
  • depending on the function of the protein, the phenotype of the organism may be affected by how much is made
24
Q

what is the role of transfer rna

A

to bring the amino acids to the ribosome

Biology 3 - Genetics (10 decks)

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