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Human Nutrition > Proteins (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Proteins (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are proteins (links)

A

amino acids linked together

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2
Q

what are proteins composed of

A

C, H, O, N

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3
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

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4
Q

what are the two types of amino acids

A

essential and nonessential

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5
Q

how many essential amino acids are there?
how many nonessential ?

A

9 essential
11 nonessential

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6
Q

which type of amino acid can be created in the body

A

Nonessential amino acids CAN be created in the body.
Essential CAN NOT

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7
Q

where do essential amino acids come from

A

diet

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8
Q

4 classifications of amino acids

A

dipeptide
tripeptide
polypeptide
oligopeptide

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9
Q

what are the two labels for the composition of an amino acid

A

complete vs incomplete

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10
Q

what does high vs low quality amino acids mean

A

how easily they can be absorbed into your body

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11
Q

ex of high quality protein

A

chicken broth

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12
Q

ex of low quality protein

A

pork roin

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13
Q

glycine and phenylalanine and water is what

A

dipeptide

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14
Q

high or low quality protein
a complex protein

A

high

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15
Q

high or low quality protein
contains extra amino acids for protein synthesis

A

high

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16
Q

high or low quality protein
good digestibility

A

high

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17
Q

high or low quality protein
usually from animal derived foods

A

high

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18
Q

high or low quality protein
an incomplete protein

A

low

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19
Q

high or low quality protein
one or more limiting amino acids

A

low

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20
Q

high or low quality protein
usually from plant derived foods

A

low

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21
Q

high or low quality protein
processed foods

A

low

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22
Q

order these in highest quality protein to lowest
wheat
milk
corn
eggs
beef
fishmeal

A

eggs
fish meal
beef
milk
wheat
corn

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23
Q

what does “completing proteins” mean

A

its when a complete source isnt an option so there is a strategic paring of foods to cover all EAA’s

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24
Q

common protein pairings

A

rice and beans
nuts/seeds and grains

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25
Q

Protein Importance (6 main)

A

Tissue building
Cell functioning (enzymes)
Body functioning (hormones, immune, fluid balance, acid to base balance)
Energy source (rare)
Cellular signaling
Transport

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26
Q

where is protein digestion

A

very minimal in the mouth
starts in stomach with hydrochloric acid

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27
Q

what does hcl in the stomach do to proteins

A

it breaks hydrogen and elctrostatic bonds to unfold proteins

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28
Q

does hcl affect peptide?

A

no, peptide bonds remain unaffected

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29
Q

what does pepsin do

A

hydrolyzes peptide bonds
and is broken down into large polypeptides, oilgo, and amino acids

30
Q

how is pepsin activated

A

from pepsinogen (secreted in stomach)

31
Q

where is pepsin found

A

stomach mwah

32
Q

what is stimulated in the intestine to release digestive hormones

A

duodenum

33
Q

what hormones does duodenum release

A

cholecystokinin and secretin

34
Q

what are zymogens

A

precursors to enzymes

35
Q

where do zymogens come from and what do they do

A

they are released from the pancrease and stimulate the release of digestive enzymes

36
Q

what are the 4 digestive enzymes

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidases

37
Q

what are the 2 final products of digestion

A

peptides
free amino acids

38
Q

what are a majority of amino acids transported by

A

sodium dependent transporters

39
Q

are essential or non essential proteins aborbed faster ?

A

essential

40
Q

transporter example

A

PEPT1

41
Q

are peptides or amino acids absorbed faster

A

peptides (diff systems do each )

42
Q

what are the slowest amino acids to get into the blood stream

A

tyrosine, cysteine, and glutamin

43
Q

what can some illnesses lead to (relating to peptides)

A

can cause peptides to absorb into the blood

44
Q

what can an abnormal bolus of proteins lead to

A

an equal breakdown of amino acids and polypeptides

45
Q

how do amino acids enter the liver

A

from portal vein

46
Q

what do hepatocytes do

A

uptake amino acids

47
Q

what are amino acids sorted out to

A

liver and blood stream pool

48
Q

are amino acids only sent to the liver or blood?

A

no, also sent to other parts of the body

49
Q

catabolism

A

broken down

50
Q

what can amino acids be broken down into (2)

A
  1. urea or ammonia
  2. carbon skeleton
51
Q

amino acids that are urea or ammonia infor

A

they are excreted by the kidneys

52
Q

what are amino acids broken down into the carbon skeleton used for

A

to produce energy

53
Q

when the body breaks down amino acids to recycle them, what are formed

A

ustable molecules like amino groups (NH2)

54
Q

what are unstable molecules converted into and what happens to them

A

Ammonia (NH3) to be processed by the liver in the urea cycle

55
Q

positive nitrogen balance info

A

adequate nitrogen balance
anabolic

56
Q

negative nitrogen balance info

A

losing protein
catabolic

57
Q

Daily AMDR reccomendation of protein

A

10-35 %

58
Q

Daily RDA recommendation

A

0.8 g/ kg/ day
or
about 8-11% of total daily intake

59
Q

Daily RDA rec for athletes

A

1.2 to 2.0 g/ kg/ day

60
Q

why do athletes need more protein

A

to support metabolic adaptation, repair of muscle and CT, remodeling, and protein turnover

61
Q

Why is protein used in sports (4)

A

to maximize gains in muscle mass and strength
to promote adaptations in metabolic fxn
to keep lean mass during weight loss
structural benefits to things like tendons and bones

62
Q

what is metabolic function referring to

A

an upregulation of oxidative enzymes/ glycogen

63
Q

is a preworkout or postworkout meal more important

A

pre workout

64
Q

what are the 3 protein powder types

A

concentrate
isolate
hydrolyzed

65
Q

info on concentrate protein poweder

A

is usually not as pure
contains more fat and carbohydrate content
contains more calories
cheaper
easily available

66
Q

info on isolate protein powder

A

much purer
incrased processing
less calories from fat/carb
usually more expensive

67
Q

info on hydrolyzed protein powder

A

ultra processed form of whey protein
broken down into smaller peptide units
much easier to digest/absorb
better for ppl who have GI issues (w/ regular whey)
most expensive

68
Q

what are the 3 branched chain amino acids

A

isoleucine, leucine, valine

69
Q

what is leucine known for

A

beginning the process of muscle protein synthesis

70
Q

what are branded chain amino acids more likely to be used for

A

energy
(in comparison to other amino acids)

71
Q

what are some high protein quality vegetarian foods

A

eggs, dairy, soy

72
Q

what should vegans and vegetarians do

A

consume protein at every meal with a focus on protein quality

Human Nutrition (6 decks)

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