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Proteins (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are proteins (links)

A

amino acids linked together

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2
Q

what are proteins composed of

A

C, H, O, N

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3
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

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4
Q

what are the two types of amino acids

A

essential and nonessential

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5
Q

how many essential amino acids are there?
how many nonessential ?

A

9 essential
11 nonessential

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6
Q

which type of amino acid can be created in the body

A

Nonessential amino acids CAN be created in the body.
Essential CAN NOT

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7
Q

where do essential amino acids come from

A

diet

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8
Q

4 classifications of amino acids

A

dipeptide
tripeptide
polypeptide
oligopeptide

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9
Q

what are the two labels for the composition of an amino acid

A

complete vs incomplete

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10
Q

what does high vs low quality amino acids mean

A

how easily they can be absorbed into your body

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11
Q

ex of high quality protein

A

chicken broth

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12
Q

ex of low quality protein

A

pork roin

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13
Q

glycine and phenylalanine and water is what

A

dipeptide

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14
Q

high or low quality protein
a complex protein

A

high

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15
Q

high or low quality protein
contains extra amino acids for protein synthesis

A

high

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16
Q

high or low quality protein
good digestibility

A

high

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17
Q

high or low quality protein
usually from animal derived foods

A

high

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18
Q

high or low quality protein
an incomplete protein

A

low

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19
Q

high or low quality protein
one or more limiting amino acids

A

low

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20
Q

high or low quality protein
usually from plant derived foods

A

low

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21
Q

high or low quality protein
processed foods

A

low

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22
Q

order these in highest quality protein to lowest
wheat
milk
corn
eggs
beef
fishmeal

A

eggs
fish meal
beef
milk
wheat
corn

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23
Q

what does “completing proteins” mean

A

its when a complete source isnt an option so there is a strategic paring of foods to cover all EAA’s

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24
Q

common protein pairings

A

rice and beans
nuts/seeds and grains

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25
Protein Importance (6 main)
Tissue building Cell functioning (enzymes) Body functioning (hormones, immune, fluid balance, acid to base balance) Energy source (rare) Cellular signaling Transport
26
where is protein digestion
very minimal in the mouth starts in stomach with hydrochloric acid
27
what does hcl in the stomach do to proteins
it breaks hydrogen and elctrostatic bonds to unfold proteins
28
does hcl affect peptide?
no, peptide bonds remain unaffected
29
what does pepsin do
hydrolyzes peptide bonds and is broken down into large polypeptides, oilgo, and amino acids
30
how is pepsin activated
from pepsinogen (secreted in stomach)
31
where is pepsin found
stomach mwah
32
what is stimulated in the intestine to release digestive hormones
duodenum
33
what hormones does duodenum release
cholecystokinin and secretin
34
what are zymogens
precursors to enzymes
35
where do zymogens come from and what do they do
they are released from the pancrease and stimulate the release of digestive enzymes
36
what are the 4 digestive enzymes
trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase aminopeptidases
37
what are the 2 final products of digestion
peptides free amino acids
38
what are a majority of amino acids transported by
sodium dependent transporters
39
are essential or non essential proteins aborbed faster ?
essential
40
transporter example
PEPT1
41
are peptides or amino acids absorbed faster
peptides (diff systems do each )
42
what are the slowest amino acids to get into the blood stream
tyrosine, cysteine, and glutamin
43
what can some illnesses lead to (relating to peptides)
can cause peptides to absorb into the blood
44
what can an abnormal bolus of proteins lead to
an equal breakdown of amino acids and polypeptides
45
how do amino acids enter the liver
from portal vein
46
what do hepatocytes do
uptake amino acids
47
what are amino acids sorted out to
liver and blood stream pool
48
are amino acids only sent to the liver or blood?
no, also sent to other parts of the body
49
catabolism
broken down
50
what can amino acids be broken down into (2)
1. urea or ammonia 2. carbon skeleton
51
amino acids that are urea or ammonia infor
they are excreted by the kidneys
52
what are amino acids broken down into the carbon skeleton used for
to produce energy
53
when the body breaks down amino acids to recycle them, what are formed
ustable molecules like amino groups (NH2)
54
what are unstable molecules converted into and what happens to them
Ammonia (NH3) to be processed by the liver in the urea cycle
55
positive nitrogen balance info
adequate nitrogen balance anabolic
56
negative nitrogen balance info
losing protein catabolic
57
Daily AMDR reccomendation of protein
10-35 %
58
Daily RDA recommendation
0.8 g/ kg/ day or about 8-11% of total daily intake
59
Daily RDA rec for athletes
1.2 to 2.0 g/ kg/ day
60
why do athletes need more protein
to support metabolic adaptation, repair of muscle and CT, remodeling, and protein turnover
61
Why is protein used in sports (4)
to maximize gains in muscle mass and strength to promote adaptations in metabolic fxn to keep lean mass during weight loss structural benefits to things like tendons and bones
62
what is metabolic function referring to
an upregulation of oxidative enzymes/ glycogen
63
is a preworkout or postworkout meal more important
pre workout
64
what are the 3 protein powder types
concentrate isolate hydrolyzed
65
info on concentrate protein poweder
is usually not as pure contains more fat and carbohydrate content contains more calories cheaper easily available
66
info on isolate protein powder
much purer incrased processing less calories from fat/carb usually more expensive
67
info on hydrolyzed protein powder
ultra processed form of whey protein broken down into smaller peptide units much easier to digest/absorb better for ppl who have GI issues (w/ regular whey) most expensive
68
what are the 3 branched chain amino acids
isoleucine, leucine, valine
69
what is leucine known for
beginning the process of muscle protein synthesis
70
what are branded chain amino acids more likely to be used for
energy (in comparison to other amino acids)
71
what are some high protein quality vegetarian foods
eggs, dairy, soy
72
what should vegans and vegetarians do
consume protein at every meal with a focus on protein quality

Human Nutrition (6 decks)

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