Proteins, Enzymes, Water Flashcards
What are the 6 properties of water?
1) Liquid at room temperature until 100 C
2) Universal solvent
3) Cohesion
4) Temperature rises and falls slowly
5) High heat if vaporization
6) Frozen water is less dense and floats
What are the 6 most commonly used elements?
CHNOPS Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
Importance of water cohesion?
Causes water molecules to cling together yet flow freely
Water is an excellent transport medium, the blood that fills our arteries and veins are mostly water
Importance of temperature of liquid rising and falling slowly?
Water protects us and other organisms from rapid temperature changes and helps us maintain homeostasis. It allows great bodies of water to maintain relatively constant temperature
Importance of water having a high heat of evaporation?
Keeps our body from overheating, because we sweat and the body cools as body heat is used to evaporate sweat
What is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic is when molecules dissolve in water
Hydrophobic is molecules that are not dissolved by water and stay away from water
pH scale?
Acids are lower numbers, bases are higher, and neutrals are 7
How do buffers resist pH changes?
They take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions
What is a macromolecule?
A molecule that contains many molecules joined together
What is a monomer?
A simple organic molecule that exists individually
What is a polymer?
Multiple monomers linked together
What is a dehydration reaction?
A chemical reaction where water is taken away so that one of the products is water or ammonia
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
In which a water atom is added which separates two polymers
Carbohydrates
Quick and short-term energy storage
What is a monosaccharide?
A simple sugar
What is glucose?
Blood sugar-an immediate source of energy
C6H12O6
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction
What are polysaccharides?
Long polymers that contain many glucose subunits
What are lipids?
Energy storage in organisms
Used in cell membranes, steroids, and sex hormones
What are the uses of fat?
Long term energy storage
Insulates
Forms a protective cushion around the organs
What is a triglyceride?
A molecule with a three-part structure
What are saturated fatty acids?
The hydrocarbon chain that has no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms, so it has all the hydrogen it can hold
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
A hydrocarbon chain that has double bonds between carbon atoms which messes up the chain
What is an enzyme?
Molecules that speed up chemical reactions, so are necessary contributors to the chemical workings of organisms
What is a polypeptide?
A single chain of amino acids
What is a peptide bond?
A bond that joins two amino acids
What is the primary structure?
The linear sequence of the amino acids
What is the secondary structure?
When the polypeptide takes on a certain orientation in space
What is the tertiary structure?
Three-dimensional shape
What are the four things that affect the enzymatic speed?
Substrate concentration
Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
What is a catalyst?
A broad term for anything that can change the rate of reaction
What are substrates and active sites?
Substrate- molecule that the enzyme works on
Active site- part of the enzyme that the substrate molecules fit into
What are carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA) built from?
Carbs: sugar
Pro: amino acids
Nuc acid: nucleotides
