Proteins and Vegetarians Flashcards
what are 4 elements of proteins?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
sulfur and phosphorus
state the functions of proteins
- growth, repair and maintenance of body cells
- formation of enzymes
- maintaining a healthy immune system
- as a form of energy reserve
explain how proteins aid in the growth, repair and maintenance of body cells
proteins are needed for:
- healthy growth of our body
- repair worn-out body cells and tissues
- our body cells wear out continuously and need to be replaced at regular intervals
explain how proteins aid in the formation of enzymes
- enzymes are made up of proteins
- enzymes speed up the chemical reactions in our body
explain how proteins help in maintaining a healthy immune system
proteins are needed for:
-making antibodies for our body’s immune system
they help to detect and fight harmful substances which protects our body from illness and infection
explain how proteins acts as a form of energy reserve
- protein is the 3rd form of energy reserve
- proteins will be sacrificed from bodybuilding and cell repair to provide energy
- excess energy from proteins not used will be converted into fats
list some sources of animal proteins
- meat such as beef/chicken etc
- seafood such as fish/crab
- farm products such as dairy products which includes milk/cheese or eggs
list some examples of plant proteins
- cereals such as rice/millet
- pulses such as long beans/french beans
- nuts such as peanuts/almond nuts
what are amino acids?
amino acids are the simplest form of protein
what are the different types of amino acids?
- indispensable (essential) amino acids
- dispensable (non-essential) amino acids
define indispensable (essential) amino acids
indispensable (essential) amino acids cannot be manufactured by the body and must be obtained from food
list some examples of indispensable (essential) amino acids
- phenylalanine (PKU condition)
- isoleucine
- leucine
- lysine
- threonine
- methionine
define dispensable (non-essential) amino acids
dispensable (non-essential) amino acids can be manufactured by the body and do not need to be obtained from food
list some examples of dispensable (non-essential) amino acids
- proline
- asparagine
- aspartic acid
- alanine
- glutamine
- glycine
what are the different types of proteins?
- high biological value protein (HBV)
- low biological value protein (LBV)
define high biological value protein (HBV)
high biological value proteins contain all the essential amino acids in the right proportions.
they are also known as complete proteins
can be derived from animal sources
what are some sources of high biological value proteins (HBV)?
- eggs
- dairy products such as milk
- meat
- poultry
- seafood
- exception: soya bean (HBV)
define low biological value proteins
low biological value proteins lack one or more essential amino acids in the right proportion
they are also know as incomplete proteins
can be derived from plant sources
list some examples of of low biological value proteins (LBV)
- nuts: peanuts/cashew nuts
- pulses: beans/peas
- legumes: long beans/snow peas
- exception: gelatine->animal protein (LBV)
define textured vegetable protein (TVP)
- the proteins from soya beans are processed to make a meat substitute which is also known as textured vegetable protein
- the materials expand and squire a texture similar to meat when heated up
define complementary proteins
protein food of low biological value came be combined so that the essential amino acids lacking in one type of food is present in the other and vice versa
list some examples of complementary proteins
- lentil soup with pita bread
- rice and baked beans
- cereal and milk
- peanut butter and bread
differentiate the different types of vegetarians
- vegan: does not take any eggs or dairy products
- lacto-vegetarian: does not consume any eggs but consumes dairy products
- ovo-vegetarian: does not contain any dairy products but consumes eggs
- lacto-ovo vegetarian: consumes both dairy products and eggs
what do all vegetarians have in common?
they all consume cereals, fruits and vegetables but they all do not consume any kind of meat
list two effects of protein energy malnutrition
- kwashiorkor
- marasmus
what is the age of occurrence in children who have kwashiorkor?
18-24 months
what is the nature of kwashiorkor?
- insufficient food in the diet
- given carbohydrate rich food such as condensed milk
what are the symptoms of kwashiorkor?
- loss of hair colour (reddish brown)
- thinning of hair
- patchy and scaly skin
- muscle wasting and bloated stomach with edema (water retention)
what is the age of occurrence in children who have marasmus?
6-8 years old
what is the nature of marasmus?
- starvation (having no food to eat)
- deprived of energy and protein
what are some symptoms of marasmus?
- loss of muscle mass
- weakening of the heart muscles
- retarded brain growth
- anaemia
