Energy Flashcards
define nutrients
chemical substances found in good that are needed by the body in order for it to stay healthy
define diet
good eaten by an individual everyday
define balanced diet
a diet from which you can obtain all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions required by your body. a balanced diet ensures that the body enjoys good nutrition and stays healthy
define metabolism
refers to all the chemical processes occurring in the body that sustain life and provide the body with energy for example growth, production of nerve and elimination of waste material etc
define basal metabolism
the chemical processes that occur when the body is at rest e.g sleeping, breathing
define basal metabolism rate
the rate at which the body uses up energy when it is at rest. this depends on the gender, age, size (height and weight) and level of activity of the person
define nutrition
the process by which a person takes in and utilises food
define malnutrition
lack of adequate nutrition resulting from an unbalanced diet, defective absorption or insufficient food
define over-nutrition
taking in more nutrients than required
define under-nutrition
taking in fewer nutrients than required
define deficiency disease
a disease due to the lack of necessary nutrients such as proteins, vitamins or minerals
what are some uses for energy?
- to keep normal body processes going such as breathing, beating of heart, maintenance of body temperature, repair and replacement of cells
- to build body tissues for growth for example the building of bones
- to carry out physical activities
what are the units to measure energy?
- joule (kJ)
- kilocalories (kcal)
how many kilojoules does one kilocalorie amount to?
1kcal = 4.2kJ
define kilocalorie
1 kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy that is required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of pure water by 1 degree celsius
how many kilocalories is one gram of carbohydrates?
1g = 3.8kcal (round up to 4)
how many kilocalories is one gram of protein?
1g = 4kcal
how many kilocalories is one gram of fat?
1g = 9kcal
how is energy released into the body?
glucose and oxygen results in energy, carbon dioxide and water
what are some vital factors for energy release?
- B group vitamins
- phosphorus
- iodine
how is phosphorus contribute to energy release?
it is involved in the process
how is iodine involved in energy release?
it controls the rate of energy release
what are the factors that affect energy requirement?
- body size
- gender
- age
- physical activity
- state of body and health
how does body size affect energy requirements?
heavy people use more energy
how does gender affect energy requirements?
men have more lean muscles which use more energy than fats (which women have more)
how does age affect energy requirements?
higher requirements in growing children than elderly people (who have reduced body size and activity)
how does physical activity affect energy requirements?
very active people need more energy than sedentary workers
how does state of body and health affect energy requirements?
people who are sick need more energy to recover e.g pregnant and lactating women need more energy
what are the factors which affect the energy value of food
- depends on ingredients
- depends on cooking method
how does ingredients affect the energy value of food?
foods that contain a lot of fat will be high in energy
how does the cooking method affect the energy value of food?
fried foods use a lot of oil and will be high in energy
explain energy balance
energy intake is equal to energy expenditure
how do you calculate BMI?
weight / height x height
what is the overweight BMI?
above 27.5
what is the impact of having a BMI over 27.5?
higher risk of chronic diseases
what is the underweight BMI?
below 18.5
what is the impact of having a BMI below 18.5?
higher risk of osteoporosis
what is the healthy range of BMI?
18.5 to 23.9
what is the definition of eating disorders?
- refers to a group of conditions characterised by abnormal eating habits due to psychological factors
- it often involves having excessive or insufficient intake of energy in the body
who can develop eating disorders?
can develop on both males and females of all ages
who is at a higher risk of developing an eating disorder?
females, teenagers and people who are required to control their weight due to their type of work e.g models and flight stewardesses
what are the different types of eating disorders?
- anorexia nervosa
- bulimia nervosa
- binge eating disorder
explain anorexia nervosa
- characterised by self starvation and is known as ‘starvation sickness’
- suffered have an obsessive fear of gaining weight and will take extreme measures to achieve a dangerously low body weight
- they control their energy intake by starving themselves
- when food and body fats are no longer available to meet their energy needs, the body will use proteins from muscles as a source of energy
- they may also over-exercise to increase their energy output
what are the symptoms and effects of anorexia nervosa?
- hair loss
- dizziness
- fainting and frequent headaches
- feeling cold all the time
- body weakness
- dry and yellowish skin
- loss of menstrual periods in females
- damage to the kidney and reproductive organs
- constipation and abdominal pain
explain bulimia nervosa
- characterised by a cycle of binge eating followed by purging
- they indulge in large quantities of food, especially those high in energy, over a very short period of time
- then will attempt to get rid of excess food by vomiting or over-exercising
what are the symptoms and effects of bulimia nervosa?
- body weakness
- damages teeth and gums
- bad breath
- sores in the throat and mouth
- swollen salivary glands in the mouth
- kidney problems
explain binge eating disorder
- characterised by the excessive intake of energy and nutrients in the body
- characterised primarily by periods of uncontrolled, impulsive or continuous eating beyond the point of feeling comfortably full
- sufferers do not purge or engage in any form of exercise, unlike anorexic or bulimic people
- can lead to obesity and other health problems in the long run
what are some factors contributing to binge eating disorder?
- stress
- depression
