Proteins And Enzymes Flashcards
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids.
What is a chain of amino acids called?
A polypeptide chain.
What is the bond that joins amino acids into a polypeptide chain?
A peptide bond.
What do the sequence of amino cause.
A variety of protein shapes and functions.
What is the function of a structural protein.
Located in the membrane and helps give animal cells shape.
What is the function of an enzyme protein.
Speed up chemical reactions in cells without being used up in the reaction themselves.
What is the function of a hormone protein.
Act as chemical messengers carrying information form one part of the body to another. E.g. Insulin.
What is the function of an antibody protein.
Combine with foreign particles (pathogens) to protect the body from disease.
What is the function of a receptor protein.
Special proteins in the membrane that bind with hormones
- this can start a reaction in the cell.
Where are enzymes found.
All living cells.
Explain the meaning of the term catalyst
A substance that sped up chemical reactions with being used up or changed by the reaction.
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
Describe an enzyme catalysed reaction.
The substrate is the molecule the enzyme acts on and the product is the molecules that are produced.
Hydrogen peroxide —the enzyme catalase–> oxygen and water.
HP COW
Describe a degradation reaction.
Degradation = a large molecule broken down into smaller molecules.
Starch —amylase—> maltose
Describe a synthesis reaction.
Synthesis = smaller molecules join together to make a large molecule.
Glucose-1-phosphate —-phosphorylase–> starch.
Describe the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
At high temperatures enzymes become denatured.
At low temperatures enzyme activity is low
37℃ is an enzymes optimum temperature.
Describe the effects of a range of pHs in enzyme activity.
At concentrated low pHs the enzyme is denatured.
At concentrated high pHs the enzyme is denatured.
pH 7 is the enzymes optimum pH
Explain the term optimum in a range of conditions in school enzymes operate.
The optimum pH and temperature are the highest rate of reaction for the enzyme.
Explain the term denatured as it applies to enzymes.
At high temperature and low/high pHs enzymes become denatured.
This means their active site has changed shape and is no longer complementary to the substrate.
This is permanent and irreversible.
Give two examples of how enzymes are used in industry.
In dairy industry rennet is used during cheese production
In the the detergent Industry enzymes are used in biological washing powders to help break down stains at low temperatures.
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids.
What is a chain of amino acids called?
A polypeptide chain.
What is the bond that joins amino acids into a polypeptide chain?
A peptide bond.
What do the sequence of amino cause.
A variety of protein shapes and functions.
What is the function of a structural protein.
Located in the membrane and helps give animal cells shape.
What is the function of an enzyme protein.
Speed up chemical reactions in cells without being used up in the reaction themselves.
What is the function of a hormone protein.
Act as chemical messengers carrying information form one part of the body to another. E.g. Insulin.
What is the function of an antibody protein.
Combine with foreign particles (pathogens) to protect the body from disease.
What is the function of a receptor protein.
Special proteins in the membrane that bind with hormones
- this can start a reaction in the cell.
Where are enzymes found.
All living cells.
Explain the meaning of the term catalyst
A substance that sped up chemical reactions with being used up or changed by the reaction.
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
Describe an enzyme catalysed reaction.
The substrate is the molecule the enzyme acts on and the product is the molecules that are produced.
Hydrogen peroxide —the enzyme catalase–> oxygen and water.
HP COW
Describe a degradation reaction.
Degradation = a large molecule broken down into smaller molecules.
Starch —amylase—> maltose
Describe a synthesis reaction.
Synthesis = smaller molecules join together to make a large molecule.
Glucose-1-phosphate —-phosphorylase–> starch.
Describe the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
At high temperatures enzymes become denatured.
At low temperatures enzyme activity is low
37℃ is an enzymes optimum temperature.
Describe the effects of a range of pHs in enzyme activity.
At concentrated low pHs the enzyme is denatured.
At concentrated high pHs the enzyme is denatured.
pH 7 is the enzymes optimum pH
Explain the term optimum in a range of conditions in school enzymes operate.
The optimum pH and temperature are the highest rate of reaction for the enzyme.
Explain the term denatured as it applies to enzymes.
At high temperature and low/high pHs enzymes become denatured.
This means their active site has changed shape and is no longer complementary to the substrate.
This is permanent and irreversible.
Give two examples of how enzymes are used in industry.
In dairy industry rennet is used during cheese production
In the the detergent Industry enzymes are used in biological washing powders to help break down stains at low temperatures.
