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Colleen Nutrition 1 S2 > Proteins & Amino Acids > Flashcards

Proteins & Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

How much body weight does protein account for?

A

17-20%

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2
Q

What organic compounds make up protein?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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3
Q

What are amino acids?

How many are there?

A

The basic blocks of proteins

500-700

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4
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A peptide consisting of many amino acids to make you a protein.

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5
Q

How many essential Amino acids does the body require? Name

A 
9 AA
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine
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6
Q

What are conditional amino acids?

A

Not usually essential except in times of illness or stress

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7
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Exposure to heat causes the protein to loose its 3D structure and function.
Enzymes will de nature proteins e.g. Pepsin in the stomach

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8
Q

List 4 functions of proteins

A

Structure of body tissues e.g. collagen
Hormones e.g. insulin and cell membranes
Movement e.g. actin & myosin fibres in muscles
Enzymes for reactions in the body

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9
Q

What are actin and myosin?

A

Proteins involved in muscle contraction

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10
Q

How do proteins contribute to growth and maintenance?

A

They are the building blocks of bones, ligaments, tendons, blood vessel walls and the dermis.

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11
Q

Which hormones are derived from AA?

A

Thyroid hormones from Tyrosine & iodine
Dopamine, noradrenaline & Adrenalin from tyrosine
Serotonin & melatonin from TryptophanInsulin
Glucagon
PTH
Calcitonin

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12
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Proteins that speed up biological reactions

E..g. Amalyse

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13
Q

What are immunoglobulins? Name 2

A

Proteins found in the blood and bodily fluids
E.g. IgA
IgE

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14
Q

Name the proteins which combine with other substances to provide transport

A

Albumin to calcium
Transferrins to iron
Ceruloplasim to copper
Haemoglobin to O2

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15
Q

What cane be the cause of low serum albumin?

A

Protein malnutrition
Hypochlorhydria
Liver dysfunction

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16
Q

Which AA help to maintain blood PH?

A

Histidine

Cystine

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17
Q

What is Oedema?

A

The result of protein levels dropping too low encouraging water to leak out of the blood and into interstitial spaces.

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18
Q

List 3 3 protein related causes of oedema

A

Kidney disease
Liver disease
Malnutrition

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19
Q

Give 4 examples of Glycoproteins

A

Mucins- found in mucus and saliva
Hormones- LH, FS, FSH, TSH
Major histocompatibility complex- cell surface receptors in antigen presentation
ABO blood type antigens

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20
Q

Define deamination

A

Removal of the nitrogen containing amino group in the liver so that AA can be used as a n energy source.

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21
Q

What is formed during deamination?

A

Ammonia which goes through the urea cycle to ensure excretion by the kidneys as Urea.
The liver must be functioning well

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22
Q

Which 3 AA are made within the body during the urea cycle

A

Arginine
Citrulline
Ornithine

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23
Q

What is Hyperammonaemia? Name 4 symptoms?

A

Elevated ammonia in the blood presented as a serious metabolic state often associated with liver cirrhosis

Chronic fatigue
Headache
Confusion
Intolerance of high protein foods

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24
Q

What is transamination and what nutrient is it dependant on?

A 
The process of creating a non essential AA by the body
Vit B6 ( whole grains, green veg, sunflower seeds, pistachios, bananas)
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25
Q

What is protein turnover?

A

The process of breaking down and making proteins e…g recycling of enzymes.

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26
Q

What effect does stress have on protein?

A

Stress causes protein losses in areas such as skeletal muscle due to the actions of cortisol.

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27
Q

How are proteins used for energy?

A

Cells will use AA when glucose and fatty acids are limited due to diet or disease. The body dismantles tissue proteins and uses them for energy.

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28
Q

Where is protein found?

A

In whole foods.

Meat provides more protein that no meat sources but requires more energy to digest.

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29
Q

What are the benefits of plant protein v’s animal?

A

Plant protein contain fibre, probiotics and phytonutrients in addition to protein.

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30
Q

How could you make plant protein more digestible?

A

Soaking, sprouting and fermenting.

31
Q

What could you do to optimise protein digestion?

A

Chew thoroughly & avoid drinking with meals
Eat zinc & B6 rich foods
Apple cider vinegar in a little water before meals
Bitter herbs before meals

32
Q

What happens to undigested protein which reaches the colon?

A

It is fermented creating toxic metabolites that increase the inflammatory response. Effects include systemic toxicity, nephrotoxicity & carcinogenesis.

33
Q

What is a limiting AA?

A

An essential AA is supplied in less than the amount needed to support protein synthesis e.g. lysine, threonine, methionine & tryptophan.

34
Q

List 5 complete protein sources.

A 
Quinoa
Pumpkin seeds
Chia seeds
Hemp seeds
Tempeh
35
Q

What effect can too much animal protein have?

A

Too much methionine can stimulate T cells, creating an over reactive immune response leading to autoimmunity and inflammation.

Also releasing homocysteine which is associated with atherosclerosis

36
Q

List and explain 4 adverse effects associated with high, long term animal protein.

A

Osteoporosis- acidic burden can draw calcium out of bones
Kidney disease- extra acidity needs buffering and the kidneys filter the urea
Increased cancer risk- carcinogenics
Atherosclerosis- associated with oxidation and inflammation in the endothelium

37
Q

Why might athletes be considered to have a higher requirement for protein?

A

Due to the catabolism of amino acids during exercise

38
Q

How do you calculate protein RNI?

A

Multiply kg x 0.75.
In pregnancy add 6g daily
In lactation add 11g daily

39
Q

List 4 factors that may result contribute to protein deficiency.

A

Teenagers- consuming junk food/highly refined/processed
Older people -due to poor digestive health/absorption
Anorexia nervous a sufferers- limited food
Drug & alcohol addictions

40
Q

Explain 4 functions of glutamine

A

Immunity by supporting lymphocyte & macrophage proliferation
Hypoglycaemia as it is a substrate for gluconeogenesis
Muscle recovery by promoting faster recovery
Neurotransmitter converting to glutamate and then GABA

41
Q

In which conditions would you not supplement with glutamine?

A

Cancer
Epilepsy
Liver & kidney disease

42
Q

What is cysteine needed for?

A

In the formation of Co-enzyme A and taurine
Detoxification and antioxidant support
Phase II liver detoxification

43
Q

How does N-acetyl cysteine support detoxification?

A

Building block of glutathionine

Crucial in drug metabolism in the liver

44
Q

What are the additional functions of NAC?

A

Increase sperm concentration
Positively impacts serum testosterone
Assists elimination of mucus from respiratory tracts
Increases insulin sensitivity

45
Q

Which AA is a methyl donor in the body?

A

Methionine

46
Q

What are the food sources for carnitine?

A

Nuts, seeds, avocado, asparagus, red meats, dairy

47
Q

What co factors are required for synthesis of carnitine?

A

Iron
Vit C
B3
B6

48
Q

List 4 therapeutic uses of carnitine

A

Weight loss
Heart failure
Infertility
Athletic performance

49
Q

What are the adverse effects of carnitine supplementation?

A 
Drug interactions with anti coagulants
Contraindicated with Hypothyroidism
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Body odour and seizures at high doses
50
Q

Where is creatine found?

A

Muscles

51
Q

What are the functions of creatine?

A

It enhances muscular activity

52
Q

What are some of the adverse effects of using creatine?

A

Could affect renal function
Can cause abdominal pain
Palpitations and muscle cramping

53
Q

What are some of the food sources for Glycine?

A 
Legumes
Seaweed
Spinach
Cauliflower
Banana
Bone broth
54
Q

List 3 functions of Glycine

A

Collagen synthesis- crucial for structural integrity
Liver detoxification- to conjugate toxins in phase II
Neurotransmitters- an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is used to form acetylcholine

55
Q

Which non essential AA is found in green tea?

A

Theanine

56
Q

What are the functions of the theanine?

A

It is inhibitory and calming
It is mood enhancing
It may increase serotonin and dopamine levels

57
Q

What affect may theanine have on BP medication?

A

It may cause BP to fall too low

58
Q

Which 3 AA are important for Endocrine health?

A

Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine

59
Q

What conditions may tyrosine be required to support?

A 
Adrenal fatigue
Hypothyroidism
ADHD
Depression
Anxiety
Cognition
60
Q

In which condition may tyrosine be contraindicated?

A

Hyperthyroidism

61
Q

List 5 food sources of tyrosine?

A 
Nuts
Seeds
Legumes
Whole grains
Fish
62
Q

What are the functional benefits of tryptophan?

A

It is required for serotonin and melatonin synthesis.

It is used in ATP synthesis to make B3

63
Q

List 5 food sources for tryptophan

A 
Brown rice
Quinoa
Turkey
Pumpkin seeds
Oats
64
Q

How is phenylalanine beneficial in skin pigmentation?

A

It produces melanin and is useful in vitiligo.

65
Q

What contraindications/drug interactions may phenylalanine have?

A

Not used in schizophrenia or with antipsychotics.

66
Q

How is lysine beneficial in diabetes mellitus?

A

It has been shown to have a glucose lowering effect.

67
Q

Which amino acid does lysine compete with for absorption?

A

Arginine

68
Q

What is the key therapeutic use for lysine?

A

Helpers simplex virus (cold sores)

69
Q

What are the additional functions of lysine?

A

Key role in tissue repair
Helps build muscular tissue
AIDS intestinal absorption of calcium, iron and zinc

70
Q

List 5 food sources for lysine

A 
Quinoa
Legumes
Tempeh
Chicken
Eggs
71
Q

How does Arginine help in hyper tension?

A

Arginine is a precursor to nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide is a vasodilator and subsequently lowers BP.

72
Q

Which functions may be restored by providing AA?

A

Neurotransmitter & hormone synthesis
Stabilisation of blood glucose
Better mitochondrial function
Reduction in oxidative damage

73
Q

Why is the utilisation of AA often impaired?

A

Due to a lack of micronutrients used in AA conversions e.g. zinc, B6 & B12

Colleen Nutrition 1 S2 (6 decks)

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