Proteins Flashcards
What kind of sugar does RNA contain?
Ribose sugar
RNA is _________ stranded
Single
RNA contains the base ___________
Uracil
RNA moves ______________
In and out of the nucleus
Does RNA carry genetic information?
Yes
What does mRNA do?
Carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts
What does tRNA do?
Carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
What does rRNA do?
Form the core of a cell’s ribosomes (the structures in which protein synthesis takes place)
What are restriction enzymes?
Enzymes that are able to cleave double-stranded DNA into fragments at specific sequences (also known as restriction endonucleus)
What type of DNA is an engineered combination of DNA from two different sources?
Recombinant DNA
What are sticky ends?
DNA molecules with short single-stranded overhangs, resulting from cleavage by a restriction enzyme, are more useful because the sticky ends can be easily joined with other sticky ends
What are blunt ends?
DNA molecules that are fully base paired, resulting from cleavage by a restriction enzymes, more useful when analyzing DNA for criminal investigations
What is CRISPR?
A powerful tool for editing genomes, meaning it allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function
What is an advantage of CRISPR technologies?
It makes more precise cuts
What type of protein complex is associated with CRISPR technologies?
Cas 9
To produce DNA fragments, DNA must be cut into smaller pieces by ______________
Restriction enzymes
An enzyme is a type of _________
Protein
What are two qualities scientists have attempted to engineer into agricultural plants?
Aesthetic looks and health benefits
What are two examples of mutagens?
Radiation and chemicals (smoking, vaping)
What is a mutation?
A change in DNA
What is substitution?
A mutation that exchanges one base for another (a change in a single “chemical letter” such as switching an A to a G)
What is insertion?
Mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA
What is deletion?
Mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted
What are point mutations?
When only one nucleotide is altered, the mutation is referred to as a point mutation
What are translocation mutations?
If a longer sequence of nucleotides are changed, the mutation is referred to as a translocation mutation
What is a missense mutation?
When a mistake in the genetic code occurs and the product is different
What is a nonsense mutation?
When a mistake in the genetic code occurs and nothing can be coded
What is a silent mutation?
When it changes a codon to one that encodes the same amino acid and causes no change in the protein produced
What causes mutations?
DNA fails to copy correctly, external influences
