PROTEINS

Question 1

The word protein came from the Greek word _ which means first place. It is the most abundant organic molecule in the human body comprising more than 50% of the cell’s dry mass. It is composed of many amino acids bonded together via the peptide linkage thus providing a diverse range of functions

Answer 1

proteios

Question 2

proteins that function for support, contraction, and movement

Answer 2

structural

Question 3

proteins that bind and cary substances from one place to another

Answer 3

transport

Question 4

proteins that enhance the rate of biochemical reaction

Answer 4

catalysis

Question 5

proteins that desctroy invading pathogens and substances that can cause disease

Answer 5

defense

Question 6

proteins that are released into the bloodstream and regulate the physiologic activities of their target cells

Answer 6

hormones

Question 7

proteins that can be used in metabolic reactions that yield energy

Answer 7

energy source

Question 8

The function of a protein is determined by its __.

Answer 8

structure

Question 9

The overall three-dimensional shape of protein is known as its

Answer 9

native conformation

Question 10

The structure of a protein has a maximum of four hierarchical levels

Answer 10

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Question 11

hierarchy of protein structure
the amino acid sequence ofthe protein. this is the sole determinant of its overall shape (Anfinsen’s rule)

Answer 11

primary structure

Question 12

hierarchy of protein structure
the local folding of protein segment into helical or sheet-like structure

Answer 12

secondary structure

Question 13

hierarchy of protein structure
the compact three-dimensional structure or native conformaiton of proteins

Answer 13

tertiary structure

Question 14

hierarchy of protein structure
involves the itneraction of the subunits of an oligomeric protein

Answer 14

quaternary

Question 15

formed by the coiling of the polypeptide chain into a right-handed spiral

Answer 15

a-helix

Question 16

formed when two adhacent chains of polypeptides forms H-bonds in an almost fully extended form thaat can be lkened to the pleats of an accordion

Answer 16

b-pleated sheet

Question 17

the tertiary protein structure is stablized by (4)

Answer 17

H-bonds
salt bridges
hydrophobic interacitons
disulfide bridges

Question 18

tertiary protein
are those that exist as fibers or sheets.
they are made up of one type of secondary structure and function for structural support
examples are collagen,mertain, and silk fibroin

Answer 18

fibrous protein

Question 19

tertiary protein
are combinations of different secondary structures that are compactly folded into spherical shapes
examples are enzymes, myoglobin and hemoglobin

Answer 19

globular proteins

Question 20

present into for oligomeric proteins like hemoglobin

Answer 20

quaternary

Question 21

made up of more than 50 amino acids
100-10,000 amino acids linked together
polymers of amino acids

Answer 21

proteins

Question 22

sources of protein (2)

Answer 22

complete proteins
incomplete proteins

Question 23

sources of proteins
all essential amino acids present
beef, poultry, fish, eggs, soy

Answer 23

complete proteins

Question 24

sources of proteins
nuts, seeds, beans

Answer 24

incomplete proteins

Question 25

amino acid sequence of the protein

Answer 25

primary structure

Question 26

secondary structure coiling into right-handed spiral 10 turns 5.4 nanometers

Answer 26

a-helix

Question 27

secondary structure adjacent polypeptide chains form H bonds

Answer 27

B-pleted sheet

Question 28

secondary structure of proteins is stabilized by __

Answer 28

H-bonds

Question 29

protei nstructure R groups of amino acids are involved

Answer 29

tertiary

Question 30

tertiary structure slender fibers or sheets made up of type of secondary structure

Answer 30

fibrous

Question 31

tertiary strructure spherical or compact forms hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions made up of different secondary structures

Answer 31

globular

Question 32

protein structure found in multimeric/oligomeric proteins composed of more than 1 subunit itneraction of subunuts

Answer 32

quaternary

Question 33

1 amino acid in hemoglobin is wrong Glutamic acid - Valine change in structure = function

Answer 33

sickle cell disease

Question 34

normal protein + heat, acids, salts, and mechanical agitation

Answer 34

protein denaturation

Question 35

the quaternary structure is stabilized by

Answer 35

hydrophobic interactions

Question 36

the most abundant protein in the human body. It is the cementing component of various connective tissues like bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin.

Answer 36

collagen

Question 37

Collagen is a fibrous protein made up of __ that are twisted together to form a __. This structure can be likened to a rope made of three cords. Collagen is tough yet flexible.

Answer 37

three left-handed helices right-handed super helix

Question 38

The primary structure of collagen is a repeating sequence of -__-__-__- where X is usually __ or sometimes lysine residue

Answer 38

–Gly-Pro-X- 4-hydroxyproline

Question 39

Severe deficiency in vitamin C leads to __ which is characterized by swelling & inflammation of the gums, impaired healing of wounds, loosening of the teeth, pain in joints, and progressive weakening of the body.

Answer 39

scurvy

Question 40

is the major fibrous protein in hair & nails, and a minor constituent of the skin. It is a component of the cells cytoskeleton that maintains their shape.

Answer 40

alpha keratin

Question 41

Alpha keratin is made up of __ that are twisted together to form a __.

Answer 41

two alpha-helices left-handed super helix

Question 42

extensively stabilize the structure of keratin.

Answer 42

disulfide bridges

Question 43

are the carriers of oxygen in the muscles and the blood respectively.

Answer 43

myoglobin hemoglobin

Question 44

Their basic composition is essentially the same, but myoglobin is made up of a __ while hemoglobin has four subunits. These subunits are designated as alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2.

Answer 44

single unit

Question 45

Each subunit is made up of a nonprotein component or __

Answer 45

prosthetic group

Question 46

prosthetic group is the __ which consists of a tetrapyrole ring called __ with a coordinated Fe2+ atom.

Answer 46

heme group porphyrin

Question 47

the protein component is called __ hence the term hemoglobin

Answer 47

globin

Question 48

is a peptide hormone that is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas (also known as islets of Langerhans) which stimulates the cells to uptake glucose from the blood, hence, lowering blood glucose level.

Answer 48

insulin

Question 49

insulin is a dimeric protein made up of __ and __ which contains __ and __ amino acid residues respectively, that are connected by __

Answer 49

A-chain B-chain 21 30 two disulfide bonds

Question 50

insulin The A-chain has two alpha helical regions at __ and __ which are antiparallel.

Answer 50

A1-A8 A12-A19

Question 51

insulin B-chain has a __ structure from amino acid __ which are flanked by the disulfide bond on either sides and two beta sheets at amino acid B7-B10 and B20-B23

Answer 51

central alpha helical B9-B19

Question 52

Deficiency in insulin production or resistance to insulin results to the __ which is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) resulting to serious health complications like kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, stroke, nerve damage, and eye damage. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus includes frequent urination, increased thirst, impaired wound healing, and increased appetiteDeficiency in insulin production or resistance to insulin results to the diabetes mellitus which is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by _- (high blood sugar) resulting to serious health complications like kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, stroke, nerve damage, and eye damage. Symptoms includes frequent urination, increased thirst, impaired wound healing, and increased appetite

Answer 52

diabetes mellitus hyperglycemia

Question 53

essential in hydroxylation critical in maintaining structural integrity of collagen

Answer 53

vitamin c

Question 54

carrier of oxygen in th muscles made up of a single unit

Answer 54

myoglobin

Question 54

it has a corkscrew shape that is dextral in nature ten turns of the helix will cover a distance of 5.4 nanometers

Answer 54

alpha helix

Question 55

it results from decrease in insulin production by the pancreas or the cell's insensitivity to insulin it may manifest as polyphagia and polydipsia it leads to fatal complications like chronic renal failure and cardiovascular diseases

Answer 55

diabetes mellitus

Question 56

it is the consequence of diet that is devoid of fruits and vegetables it can be corrected by regular intake of ascorbic acid supplement

Answer 56

scurvy

Question 57

it is priimarily made up of achiral and cyclic amino acids it is a dextral super helix hat is formed from three sinistral helices

Answer 57

collagen

Question 58

it a protein is predominantly made up of alipathic and aromatic amino acids, what can be true about it

Answer 58

it is most probably a structural protein it is a protein that is hydrophobic in nature

Question 59

it hs 4 sub-units wit heach subunt binding an oxygen molecule in an increasing efficiency it has ferrous cation that is coordinated by hte nucleophilic N atoms of the porphyrin ring

Answer 59

hemoglobin

Question 60

it is made up of 2 right-handed helices that are twisted together to form a sinistral usper helix

Answer 60

alpha keratin

Question 61

it is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas and released intothe bloodstream to stimulate assimilation by glucose by the cells it is made u0p of 2 peptide chains with a total of 3 alpha helices, 3 beta sheeets, and 3 disulfide bridges

Answer 61

insulin

Question 62

reason why hydroxylation of proline residues is critical to the structural integrity of colllagen

Answer 62

the hydroxyl moities in Pro form H-bonds which stabilize collagen structure

Question 63

they are significantly hydrophilic in nature they ae conflation of various types of local folding of polypeptide

Answer 63

globular proteins

Question 64

the sickle0shaped RBC's are vaso-occluded in the capillaries resulting to damage in vairrous internal organs

Answer 64

sicke-cell anemia

Question 65

the stabilizing form or bond exhibited between Glu/Lys, and Phe/Val

Answer 65

ionic bond (salt bridge), and hydrophobic interactions