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CHEM022 Biochemistry > AMINO ACIDS > Flashcards

AMINO ACIDS Flashcards

1
Q

gly

A

glycine

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2
Q

g

A

glycine

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3
Q

ala

A

alanine

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4
Q

a

A

alanine

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5
Q

val

A

valine

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6
Q

v

A

valine

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7
Q

pro

A

proline

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8
Q

p

A

proline

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9
Q

leu

A

leucine

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10
Q

l

A

leucine

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11
Q

ile

A

isoleucine

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12
Q

i

A

isoleucine

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13
Q

met

A

methionine

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14
Q

m

A

methionine

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15
Q

trp

A

trytophan

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16
Q

w

A

tryptophan

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17
Q

phe

A

phenylalanine

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18
Q

f

A

phenylalanine

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19
Q

lys

A

lysine

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20
Q

k

A

lysine

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21
Q

arg

A

arginine

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22
Q

r

A

arginine

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23
Q

his

A

histidine

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24
Q

h

A

histidine

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25
Q

ser

A

serine

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26
Q

s

A

serine

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27
Q

thr

A

threonine

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28
Q

t

A

threonine

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29
Q

tyr

A

tyrosine

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30
Q

y

A

tyrosine

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31
Q

asn

A

asparagine

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32
Q

n

A

asparagine

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33
Q

gln

A

glutamine

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34
Q

q

A

glutamine

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35
Q

asp

A

aspartic acid

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36
Q

d

A

aspartic acid

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37
Q

glu

A

glutamic acid

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38
Q

e

A

glutamic acid

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39
Q

dopamine is synthesized from __ or ___

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine

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40
Q

parkinson’s
huntington’s
schrizoprenia
ADHD
addiction

A

dopamine

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41
Q

enzymes (2) used in the synthesis of dopamine

A

hydroxylase
decarboxylase

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42
Q

dopamine binds to the so-called ___ and play a role as a ___ which is the

A

dopaminergic receptors
reward center
mesocorticolumbic system

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43
Q

has many bodily and neurobehavioral functions such as memory, mood, motivation, and control of movement

A

dopamine

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44
Q

progressive disorder that results to loss of muscular movement

A

parkinson’s disease

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45
Q

dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are known as ___ as they are derived from catechol (1.2-dihydroxybenzene) which is derived from F or Y

A

catecholamines

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46
Q

known as adrenaline, the fight-or-flight hormone

A

epinephrine

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47
Q

epinephrine is derived in the ____

A

adrenal glands

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48
Q

hormone that is released during stressful conditions or emergencies

A

epinephrine

49
Q

characterized by heartbeat elevation, increase in blood
flow to the muscles, and blood sugar elevation by
release of glucose from glycogen reserves

A

adrenaline rush

50
Q

epinephrien is also used for treatment of severe allaergy called ____ and cardiac arrest

A

anaphylaxis

51
Q

adrenaline also acts as ___ in a small lnumber of neurons

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

52
Q

immeidate precursor of epinephrine

A

norepinephrne

53
Q

biosynthesis of catecholamines

A

F > Y > DOPA > dopamine > norepinephrine > epinephrine

54
Q

has both hormonal and neurotrnasmitter function

A

nordrenaline

55
Q

as a hormone, fight or flight like adrenaline

A

noradrenaline

56
Q

as a neurotrnasmitter, increases libido
or sexual arousal, heightens alertness and vigilance, and
hastens memory formation and retrieval

A

norepinephriine

57
Q

serotonin is synthesized from ___ via ___ and ___

A

tryptophan
hydroxylase
decarboxylase enzymes

58
Q

most serotonins are synthesized in the ___ by so-called ___ for the regulation of intestinal movement

A

GI tract
enterochromaffin cells

59
Q

about 2% of serotonin is synthesized in the ___

A

CNS

60
Q

plays a vital role in the regulation of mood,
sleep, and appetite and even on cognition or learning

A

serotonin

61
Q

biosynthesis of serotonin

A

W > TPH > Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase > serotonin

62
Q

naturally occurring
tripeptide that has potent antioxidant property

A

glutathione (GSH)

63
Q

sytematic name of glutathione

A

γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine tripeptide

64
Q

most abundant non-protein thiol in
mammalian tissues with millimolar concentrations

A

glutathione

65
Q

acts as a
regulator of cellular redox state protecting cells from
damage caused by lipid peroxides, reactive oxygen and
nitrogen species, and xenobiotics

A

GSH

66
Q

nonapeptide hormone and neuropeptide (2)

A

oxytocin (OXT)
vasopressin

67
Q

oxytocin is composed of

A

C-Y-I-Q-N-C-P-L-G-NH2

68
Q

oxytocin is produced in the __ and released by the ___

A

hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland

69
Q

stimulates uterine contractions

A

oxytocin

70
Q

As a neuropeptide, it acts as chemical messenger in the brain and affects human and mammalian behavior such as parent-infant bonding, feeling of trust, mood elevation, romantic
attachment, and sexual arousal via a complex
mechanism

A

oxytocin

71
Q

oxytocin is available in ___ or ___

A

injectable form
internasal spray

72
Q

vasopressin is composed of

A

C-Y-F-Q-N-C-P-R-G-NH2

73
Q

vasopressin is produced by __ and released by __

A

hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland

74
Q

functions in antidiurretic hormone (ADH)

A

vsopressin

75
Q

building bloacks of proteins

A

amino acids

76
Q

side chain in non-polar AA

A

neutral
hydrophobic

77
Q

4 groups of AA in non-polar AA

A

alipathic - G,A,V,L,I
cyclic/secondary amine/imino - P
sulfur - C,M
aromatic - W,F

78
Q

polar AA have _____ side chain

A

neutral
hydrophilic

79
Q

3 groups of AA in polar AA

A

alcohol
phenolic
amide

80
Q

side chain in + charged AA

A

polar
basic

81
Q

+ charged AA forms

A

positively=charged ammonium group

82
Q

side chain in - charged AA

A

polar
acidic

83
Q
  • charged AA forms
A

negatively-charged carboxylate group

84
Q

AA that cannot be synthesized by the body

A

essential

85
Q

essential AA

A

Pheylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine *
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

86
Q

conditionally essential AA

A

R
C
Q
H
P
Y

87
Q

non-essential AA

A

A
N
D
E
G
S

88
Q

reaction in the formation of peptides

A

dehydration/condensation

89
Q

4 metabolic reactions of AA

A

due to NH2
due to COOH
both
due to side chain

90
Q

reactions under due to NH2

A

oxidative deamination
transamination
formation of carbamino compound

91
Q

reactions under due to COOH

A

decarboxylation
formation of amide linkage

92
Q

reactions under due to side chain

A

ester formation
glycoside formation
reactions due to -SH group (cysteine)
transmethylation (methionine)

93
Q

enzymes in oxidative deamination

A

oxidase
dehydrogenase enzyjme

94
Q

amino acid is remoed and an alpha-keto acid is formed

A

oxiddative deamination

95
Q

keto acid can be converted to ___ or ___

A

glucose
ketone bodies

96
Q

transfer of an amino group to an alpha-keto to form another amino acid

A

transamination

97
Q

enzymes in transamination

A

transaminase
aminotransferase

98
Q

formation of carbamino compound takes place at __

A

alkaline pH

99
Q

responsible for the transfor of CO2 from the tissue tto the lungs by ___

A

formation of carbamino compound
hemoglobin

100
Q

removes CO2 ro produce amines

A

decarboxyltion

101
Q

the amines formed in decarboxylation have ___

A

high physiological activity

102
Q

in the presence of NH3, the alpha-carboxyl group of an acidic amino acid will react to form the amide

A

formation of amide linkage

103
Q

phosphate groups can react with amino acids containing the hydroxyl group to form ___

A

ester formation
phosphoproteins

104
Q

reaction that involves cysteine

A

reaction due to -SH group

105
Q

reaction due to -SH group forms ___called ___

A

disulfide linkages
cystine

106
Q

involves the transfer of the methyl group of methionine to produce other biological compounds

A

transmethylation

107
Q

AA are found naturally in two forms

A

L siomers
D isomers

108
Q

isomers that occur in cells

A

L isomers

109
Q

a type of molecule that has a non-superimpoable mirror image

A

chirality

110
Q

occurs in all AA except glycine

A

chiral carbon

111
Q

in nonpolar AA the stablizing proein structure via _

A

hydrphobic interactions

112
Q

polar aa can form ___ with water

A

hydrogen bonds

113
Q

in arginine, the ____ of the side chain is positively charged

A

guanidinium group

114
Q

in histidine R group contains an aromatic __ that is partially positively charged

A

imidazole group

115
Q

in aspartate, the carboxyal group is attached to the ___

A

beta carbon

116
Q

amino acids are __

A

amphoteric

117
Q

used to investigate the acid-base properties of AA

A

titration

118
Q

peptide bond

A

amide bond
rigid and planar
rotation is restricted
covalent bond
trans

CHEM022 Biochemistry (4 decks)

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