AMINO ACIDS Flashcards
1
Q
gly
A
glycine
2
Q
g
A
glycine
3
Q
ala
A
alanine
4
Q
a
A
alanine
5
Q
val
A
valine
6
Q
v
A
valine
7
Q
pro
A
proline
8
Q
p
A
proline
9
Q
leu
A
leucine
10
Q
l
A
leucine
11
Q
ile
A
isoleucine
12
Q
i
A
isoleucine
13
Q
met
A
methionine
14
Q
m
A
methionine
15
Q
trp
A
trytophan
16
Q
w
A
tryptophan
17
Q
phe
A
phenylalanine
18
Q
f
A
phenylalanine
19
Q
lys
A
lysine
20
Q
k
A
lysine
21
Q
arg
A
arginine
22
Q
r
A
arginine
23
Q
his
A
histidine
24
Q
h
A
histidine
25
ser
serine
26
s
serine
27
thr
threonine
28
t
threonine
29
tyr
tyrosine
30
y
tyrosine
31
asn
asparagine
32
n
asparagine
33
gln
glutamine
34
q
glutamine
35
asp
aspartic acid
36
d
aspartic acid
37
glu
glutamic acid
38
e
glutamic acid
39
dopamine is synthesized from __ or ___
phenylalanine
tyrosine
40
parkinson's
huntington's
schrizoprenia
ADHD
addiction
dopamine
41
enzymes (2) used in the synthesis of dopamine
hydroxylase
decarboxylase
42
dopamine binds to the so-called ___ and play a role as a ___ which is the
dopaminergic receptors
reward center
mesocorticolumbic system
43
has many bodily and neurobehavioral functions such as memory, mood, motivation, and control of movement
dopamine
44
progressive disorder that results to loss of muscular movement
parkinson's disease
45
dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are known as ___ as they are derived from catechol (1.2-dihydroxybenzene) which is derived from F or Y
catecholamines
46
known as adrenaline, the fight-or-flight hormone
epinephrine
47
epinephrine is derived in the ____
adrenal glands
48
hormone that is released during stressful conditions or emergencies
epinephrine
49
characterized by heartbeat elevation, increase in blood
flow to the muscles, and blood sugar elevation by
release of glucose from glycogen reserves
adrenaline rush
50
epinephrien is also used for treatment of severe allaergy called ____ and cardiac arrest
anaphylaxis
51
adrenaline also acts as ___ in a small lnumber of neurons
excitatory neurotransmitter
52
immeidate precursor of epinephrine
norepinephrne
53
biosynthesis of catecholamines
F > Y > DOPA > dopamine > norepinephrine > epinephrine
54
has both hormonal and neurotrnasmitter function
nordrenaline
55
as a hormone, fight or flight like adrenaline
noradrenaline
56
as a neurotrnasmitter, increases libido
or sexual arousal, heightens alertness and vigilance, and
hastens memory formation and retrieval
norepinephriine
57
serotonin is synthesized from ___ via ___ and ___
tryptophan
hydroxylase
decarboxylase enzymes
58
most serotonins are synthesized in the ___ by so-called ___ for the regulation of intestinal movement
GI tract
enterochromaffin cells
59
about 2% of serotonin is synthesized in the ___
CNS
60
plays a vital role in the regulation of mood,
sleep, and appetite and even on cognition or learning
serotonin
61
biosynthesis of serotonin
W > TPH > Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase > serotonin
62
naturally occurring
tripeptide that has potent antioxidant property
glutathione (GSH)
63
sytematic name of glutathione
γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine tripeptide
64
most abundant non-protein thiol in
mammalian tissues with millimolar concentrations
glutathione
65
acts as a
regulator of cellular redox state protecting cells from
damage caused by lipid peroxides, reactive oxygen and
nitrogen species, and xenobiotics
GSH
66
nonapeptide hormone and neuropeptide (2)
oxytocin (OXT)
vasopressin
67
oxytocin is composed of
C-Y-I-Q-N-C-P-L-G-NH2
68
oxytocin is produced in the __ and released by the ___
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland
69
stimulates uterine contractions
oxytocin
70
As a neuropeptide, it acts as chemical messenger in the brain and affects human and mammalian behavior such as parent-infant bonding, feeling of trust, mood elevation, romantic
attachment, and sexual arousal via a complex
mechanism
oxytocin
71
oxytocin is available in ___ or ___
injectable form
internasal spray
72
vasopressin is composed of
C-Y-F-Q-N-C-P-R-G-NH2
73
vasopressin is produced by __ and released by __
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland
74
functions in antidiurretic hormone (ADH)
vsopressin
75
building bloacks of proteins
amino acids
76
side chain in non-polar AA
neutral
hydrophobic
77
4 groups of AA in non-polar AA
alipathic - G,A,V,L,I
cyclic/secondary amine/imino - P
sulfur - C,M
aromatic - W,F
78
polar AA have _____ side chain
neutral
hydrophilic
79
3 groups of AA in polar AA
alcohol
phenolic
amide
80
side chain in + charged AA
polar
basic
81
+ charged AA forms
positively=charged ammonium group
82
side chain in - charged AA
polar
acidic
83
- charged AA forms
negatively-charged carboxylate group
84
AA that cannot be synthesized by the body
essential
85
essential AA
Pheylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine ***
Arginine**
Leucine
Lysine
86
conditionally essential AA
R
C
Q
H
P
Y
87
non-essential AA
A
N
D
E
G
S
88
reaction in the formation of peptides
dehydration/condensation
89
4 metabolic reactions of AA
due to NH2
due to COOH
both
due to side chain
90
reactions under due to NH2
oxidative deamination
transamination
formation of carbamino compound
91
reactions under due to COOH
decarboxylation
formation of amide linkage
92
reactions under due to side chain
ester formation
glycoside formation
reactions due to -SH group (cysteine)
transmethylation (methionine)
93
enzymes in oxidative deamination
oxidase
dehydrogenase enzyjme
94
amino acid is remoed and an alpha-keto acid is formed
oxiddative deamination
95
keto acid can be converted to ___ or ___
glucose
ketone bodies
96
transfer of an amino group to an alpha-keto to form another amino acid
transamination
97
enzymes in transamination
transaminase
aminotransferase
98
formation of carbamino compound takes place at __
alkaline pH
99
responsible for the transfor of CO2 from the tissue tto the lungs by ___
formation of carbamino compound
hemoglobin
100
removes CO2 ro produce amines
decarboxyltion
101
the amines formed in decarboxylation have ___
high physiological activity
102
in the presence of NH3, the alpha-carboxyl group of an acidic amino acid will react to form the amide
formation of amide linkage
103
phosphate groups can react with amino acids containing the hydroxyl group to form ___
ester formation
phosphoproteins
104
reaction that involves cysteine
reaction due to -SH group
105
reaction due to -SH group forms ___called ___
disulfide linkages
cystine
106
involves the transfer of the methyl group of methionine to produce other biological compounds
transmethylation
107
AA are found naturally in two forms
L siomers
D isomers
108
isomers that occur in cells
L isomers
109
a type of molecule that has a non-superimpoable mirror image
chirality
110
occurs in all AA except glycine
chiral carbon
111
in nonpolar AA the stablizing proein structure via _
hydrphobic interactions
112
polar aa can form ___ with water
hydrogen bonds
113
in arginine, the ____ of the side chain is positively charged
guanidinium group
114
in histidine R group contains an aromatic __ that is partially positively charged
imidazole group
115
in aspartate, the carboxyal group is attached to the ___
beta carbon
116
amino acids are __
amphoteric
117
used to investigate the acid-base properties of AA
titration
118
peptide bond
amide bond
rigid and planar
rotation is restricted
covalent bond
trans
