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CHEM022 Biochemistry > CELL BIOCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

CELL BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions

A

cell

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2
Q

cell theory states that:

A

All living things are made up of cells.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells through
cell division

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2
Q

basic types of cells (2)

A

prokaryotes
eukaryotes

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2
Q

cells without a nucleus or membranebound organelles.
- Includes bacteria and archaebacteria

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

cells with nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles.
- Includes cells from plants, animals, fungi, and
protists

A

eukaryotes

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4
Q

common cellular structures of prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
nucleoid

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5
Q

The genetic material in bacteria

A

nucleoid

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6
Q

genophore

A

bacterial DNA

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7
Q

irregular aggregate of genophore or
bacterial DNA and nucleoid-associated proteins

A

nucleoid

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8
Q

___ is made-up of circular, doublestranded piece of DNA.

A

bacterial DNA

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9
Q

small circular,
double-stranded DNA that is physically separate from
the nucleoid

A

plasmids

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10
Q

replicated independently of
the genophore and may contain genes that enhance the survival of bacteria such as antibiotic resistance genes

A

plasmids

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11
Q

bacterial cell wall is made up of

A

peptidoglycan

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12
Q

these are polysaccharides and protein aggregates

A

peptidoglycan

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13
Q

made-up of phospholipid
bilayer with embedded proteins which delineates and protects the cell as well as regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

plasma membrane

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14
Q

large polysaccharide structure that forms the outermost envelope and contains water which prevents the bacteria from drying out. It may also serve as protection from phagocytosis or being eaten by immune cell
thereby increasing the virulence or disease-causing ability of such bacteria

A

capsule

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15
Q

Many bacteria have _____ which helps in environmental interaction such as pili, fimbriae,
and flagellum

A

proteinaceous appendages

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16
Q

hair-like in appearance and utilized for surface
attachment or DNA exchange of DNA with another bacterium

A

pili

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17
Q

also hair-like but are
shorter and more numerous

A

fimbriae

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18
Q

whip-like structure
that can propel a bacterium for movement.

A

flagellum

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19
Q

chromosomes in prokaryotes are usually ___ rather than linear

A

circular

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20
Q

bacteria reproduce through ___

A

binary fission

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21
Q

larger cells five times the size of a prokaryotic cell with an average size of about 50
micrometers

A

eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

have membrane-bound nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles unlike prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotes

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23
Q

Plant cells are unique from animal cells due to the presence of ____ and __ cell wall.

A

chloroplast
cellulosic

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24
Q

Fungi cells also have cell walls but are made up of ___

A

chitin

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25
Q

N-acetylated form of cellulose

A

chitin

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26
Q

made up of cellulose, a
homopolysaccharide of the simple sugar glucose

A

cell wall

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27
Q

plant’s cell wall which is made up of ____ that are
cross-linked with ___

A

cellulose microfibrils
pectin

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28
Q

pectin is a heteropolysaccharide of the sugars ____ and ____

A

galactose
galacturonic acid

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29
Q

has gel-like characteristics which binds the cellulose microfibrils together.

A

pectin

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30
Q

During ___, the cell membrane loses water and
its contents shrink up into a ball, while the outer cell
wall remains intact

A

plasmolysis

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31
Q

Shrubs and trees have a thickened secondary cell wall
which contains ___

A

lignin

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32
Q

a brown phenolic polymer that
imparts great strength and hardness to wood

A

lignin

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33
Q

provides structural support to plant cells and prevents the plant cells from bursting under high
turgor pressure

A

cell wall

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34
Q

who cretted the fluid mosaic model

A

singer
nicolson

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35
Q

describes the structure of the
plasma membrane as composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

A

fluid mosaic model

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36
Q

are complex of polar phosphate head and non-polar hydrocarbon (lipid) tails which is amphipathic in nature

A

phospholipids

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37
Q

has dual polarity

A

amphiphatic

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38
Q

proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid layer can be

A

integral membrane protein
peripheral membrane protein

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39
Q

proteins that are embedded through the bilayer

A

IMP

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40
Q

proteins that are embedded only at one side of the bilayer

A

PMP

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41
Q

___ are IMP with associated sugar moieties or chain that serve as cell surface receptors for cell
recognition, membrane transport, or cell communication

A

glycoproteins

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42
Q

___ are lipid with sugar moieties that function more for cell recognition

A

glycolipids

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43
Q

organelles with phospholipid bilayer (some)

A

vacuoles
nucelus
mitochondria
chloroplasts

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44
Q

delineates the cell from its
environment, protects the cell, and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

A

plasma membrane

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45
Q

Ions pass through the plasma membrane via ____ by ___ and ____
which requires ___

A

carrier molecules
active transport
facilitated diffusion
ATP

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46
Q

made up of various protein
scaffolds inside the cytoplasm which provides structural
support to the cell and aid in cellular movement

A

cytoskeleton

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47
Q

(3) classifications of cytoskeleton

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

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48
Q

thickest of the cytoskeleton
structures with an average diameter of 25 nanometer

A

microtubules

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49
Q

are rigid hollow cylinders which are polymers of ___ and ____

A

alpha
beta tubulin protein

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50
Q

The two forms of tubulin form ___ or ___ which come together to form the hollow cylinders which is the characteristic form of the microtubules

A

pairs
dimers

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51
Q

They maintain cell shape and hold organelles in place and allow them to move around inside the cell. They
prominently form the ____ during cell division
which moves the chromosomes

A

microtubules
mitotic spindle

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52
Q

microtubules are also the protein component of the cell appendages such as

A

cilia
flagella

53
Q

numerous hair-like cell surface projections

A

cilia

54
Q

longer whip-like structure for locomotion

A

flagella

55
Q

have an average diameter of 10
nanometer and have different composition depending
on the cell type

A

intermediate filament

56
Q

example of intermediate filaments

A

keratin
vimentin
desmin
neurofilment
lamin

57
Q

provide support and
mechanical strength to the associated cellular parts and
components

A

intermediate filament

58
Q

are the thinnest of the cytoskeleton
with an average diameter of 7 nanometer

A

microfilaments

59
Q

microfilament is made of
two thin actin chains that are twisted around one
another to form a ___

A

helical configuration

60
Q

___ and __ are responsible for muscular contraction

A

actin
myosin

61
Q

Microfilaments also form ____

A

cytoplasmic extension

62
Q

cytoplasmic extension;
numerous microscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine which increases its
surface area for nutrient absorption

A

microvilli

63
Q

cytoplasmic extensions
temporary arm-like extension of the plasma membrane
for movement of certain cells or organisms

A

pseudopods

64
Q

(2) cytoplasmic extension

A

microvilli
pseudopods

65
Q

gel-like aqueous region
between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane

A

cytoplasm

66
Q

polar solutes that are dissolvved in the cytoplasm

A

sugars
amino acids
peptides
ions
insoluble cellular inclusions

67
Q

responsible for production of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of
the cell

A

mitochondria

68
Q

shape of mitochondria

A

ovoid
elongated

69
Q

The ___ of mitochondria is convoluted to increase its
surface area for ATP production by electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation (ETC-OP).

A

inner membrane

70
Q

mitochondria have their own small genome which is ___ inherited

A

maternally

71
Q

organelle that consists of an interconnected network of flattened
membranous sacs, called ____

A

endoplasmic reticulum
cisternae

72
Q

made up of tubular sacs without studded ribosomes

A

sER

73
Q

ER that is involved in lipid and carbohydrate biosynthesis

A

sER

74
Q

also involved in the storage and release of calcium ions in cells and in the detoxification of drugs
and toxicants such as in the liver cells (hepatocytes)

A

sER

75
Q

is studded with ribosomes and have a flattened appearance

A

rER

76
Q

involved in the manufacture of various proteins in the cell on the ribosomes that studs its
surface. (ER)

A

rER

77
Q

rER also modifies proteins by ____ or attachment of sugar moieties and in the ____ of proteins into its proper shape or conformation

A

glycosylation
proper folding

78
Q

are ribonucleoproteins (RNA +
protein) particles that serve as the site for protein synthesis in the cell in the process called ____

A

ribosomes
translation

79
Q

ribosomes may appear in clusters called ____

A

polyribosomes

80
Q

Ribosomes may appear in clusters, or as single free-floating miniscule body in the cytoplasm or attached at the cytoplasmic side of
the plasma membrane, rER, or the nucleus. (t/f)

A

true

81
Q

ribosomes are made up of ___

A

two subunits

82
Q

ribosomal large subunit

A

60S eukaryotes
50S prokaryotes

83
Q

ribosomal small subunit

A

40S eukaryotes
30S prokaryotes

84
Q

modifies, packages, and “tags” proteinsthat were received from the rER for transportation to
their destined location in the cells.

A

golgi apparatus

85
Q

GA is made up of highly-folded flattened sacs called

A

cisternae

86
Q

Present mostly in animal cells and largely absent in plant cells and acts as the cell’s “garbage
disposal organelle.”

A

lysosomes

87
Q

lysosomes contain various ____ that break proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even
worn-out cellular organelles

A

acidic hydrolytic enzymes

88
Q

These enzymes are active at ___ the cytoplasm (lysosomes)

A

pH below

89
Q

enzymes in the lysosomes are are ____ in the lysosomes to protect the other cell parts from degradation by these digesting enzymes

A

compartmentalized

90
Q

are small, spherical organelles
enclosed by single membrane layer instead of a double layer for most organelles.

A

peroxisomes

91
Q

peroxisomes carry out ___ reactions

A

redox

92
Q

redox reactions in peroxisomes

A

oxidative breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids

93
Q

are also crucial in degrading toxic substances inside the cell such as hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, which
would be damaging to cells as it triggers free radical
damage

A

peroxisomes

94
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by the enzyme called ___ which facilitates its conversion to oxygen
gas and water.

A

catalase

95
Q

specialized peroxisomes in plants which converts stored
fatty acids into sugars particularly in germinating seeds

A

glyoxysomes

96
Q

membrane-bound
sacs for storage and transport of materials within the
cell. (2)

A

vacuoles
vesicles

97
Q

larger than vesicles and they do
not fuse with the membranes of other cell organelles

A

vacuoles

98
Q

Plants cells typically have ___ that can occupy as much as 80% of the cell’s volume. They serve to maintain water balance in plants and also for the storage and degradation of polar waste products.

A

large central vacuole

99
Q

are smaller in size and can fuse with other vesicles or cell organelles. They can store materials inside or transport them outside the cell

A

vesicles

100
Q

pair of cylindrical
proteinaceous organelles just outside the nucleus of
animal cells

A

centrioles

101
Q

Each centriole is made up of ___ of microtubules that are arranged in a ___ around a central hollow region (___)

A

nine triplets
cartwheen fashion
9+0 pattern

102
Q

The centrioles form the ___ during cell division that move the chromosome across the cell.

A

spindle fibers

103
Q

unique plant cell
organelles that carry out photosynthesis through the
green pigments that it contains, the ____

A

chloroplasts
chlorophhyll

104
Q

chloroplasts also has its own
DNA and ribosomes and can therefore independently
carry out the replication and expression of its genetic
materials (t/f)

A

chloroplasts

105
Q

houses the DNA that directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins in the cell

A

nucleus

106
Q

is a membranebound distinct organelle which is darkly stained for
microscopic visualization

A

nucleus

107
Q

__ is the DNA of the nucleus that is associated with nuclear proteins called ___

A

chromatin
histones

108
Q

the ___ has condensed chromatin
and serves as the site for ribosome synthesis in the process called ____

A

nucleolus
transcription

109
Q

the boundary of the nucleus which has a similar stucture to the plasma membrane except for the presence of the ___

A

nuclear envelope
nuclear pore complex

110
Q

the nuclear pore complex (NPC) which allows the passage of relatively large molecules such as
__ and __ across the membrane

A

RNA
proteins

111
Q

The ___ is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are packaged
and transported.

A

nuclear membrane

112
Q

how can you best describe cytoplasm

A

It is polar, viscous environment
It is delineated by the phospholipid
bilayer of the nucleus and the cell
membrane.

113
Q

characteristics of the
bacterial appendages

A

✓ They aid in locomotion, conjugation,
and cell surface attachment
✓ They are made up of amino acids

114
Q

How does the fluid mosaic model represents the
structure of the plasma membrane?

A

✓ The primary component is the
phospholipid bilayer with the
hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail at the
core.
✓ The proteins are embedded which can be located at one side of the lipid bilayer or passing through it.

115
Q

Insulin is a protein produced by the pancreas and released into the bloodstream for lowering
blood glucose level. Which organelles are directly involved in the synthesis and eventual
release of insulin?

A

✓ Golgi apparatus and vesicles
✓ Ribosomes and rER

116
Q

What are Gram-positive bacteria?

A

✓ They retain crystal violet dye and thus are stained purple.
✓ They have a cell wall made-up of a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

117
Q

If asked about the mitochondria, how will you best describe such organelles?

A

✓ They metabolize sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids through a series of reactions that yield energy in the form of ATP.
✓ They have two membranes and the inner membrane has distinct infoldings

118
Q

organelles (2) unique in animal cells

A

lysosomes
centrioles

119
Q

cell parts/organelles (2) present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

ribosomes
plasma membrane

120
Q

Which organelles are involved in protein synthesis, modification, and/or transport?

A

✓ Ribosomes and rER
✓ Golgi apparatus and vesicles

121
Q

Among the given organelles, which ones are present or prominent in plant cells but not in
animal cells?

A

✓ Vacuoles (central)
✓ Chloroplasts

122
Q

Among the given statements, which ones do not describe the centrioles?

A

✓ They are active at all times in the cell
✓ They are prominent in all eukaryotic cells

123
Q

Which of the following are true for
cytoskeleton?

A

✓ They are filamentous in shape and function for support and movement
✓ They are made-up of amino acids
polymers

124
Q

cell organelles (2) that are not enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer

A

ribosomes
peroxisomes

125
Q

What distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

A

✓ The absence of membrane-bound organelles
✓ The absence of membrane-bound nucleus

126
Q

Which cell organelles have “house cleaning” functions in the cell?

A

✓ Vacuoles and peroxisomes
✓ Lysosomes and sER

127
Q

Which of the following are not features of the nucleus?

A

✓ Its nuclear envelope is fundamentally different from the plasma membrane.
✓ It is directly involved in protein
synthesis

128
Q

Which of the following is wrong about the chloroplasts?

A

✓ It can release energy in the form of ATP just like mitochondria
✓ The stroma contains the green
photosynthetic pigments

129
Q

Which of the following are descriptive of the bacterial DNA?

A

✓ It is made up of circular doublestranded DNA
✓ There is an extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria which replicates independently

130
Q

Among the given statements, which are characteristics of cell wall?

A

✓ The plant cell wall is made up of glucose polymers that are cemented by pectin or lignified.
✓ Cell wall is present in bacteria, plants, and fungi

131
Q

Which of the following are true for bacterial capsules?

A

✓ They are made up of hydrated
carbohydrate complex
✓ They help the bacteria in evading our immune system

CHEM022 Biochemistry (4 decks)

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