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CHEM022 Biochemistry > INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

study of molecules, more specifically, biomolecules, and their reactions in living organisms

A

biochemistry

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2
Q

application of chemistry to hte study of biological processes at the cellular and molecules level

A

biochemistry

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3
Q

emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology, and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems.

A

biochemistry

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4
Q

(3) principal areas of biochemistry

A
  1. structure and function of biological macromolecules
  2. metabolism
  3. molecular genetics
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5
Q

principal area of biochem - anabolic and catabolic processes

A

metabolism

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6
Q

principal area of biochem - how life is replicated ; regulation of protein synthesis

A

molecular genetics

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7
Q

in biochemistry, we are interested in finding their (3)

A

properties
composition
transformation

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8
Q

attributes or characteristics that are used to describe biomolecules

A

properties

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9
Q

properties - their value depend on the amount of biomolecule

A

extensive properties

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10
Q

the magnitude of some properties do not depend on its amount

A

intensive properties

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11
Q

properties:
weight, volume

A

extensive properties

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12
Q

properties:
temperature, boiling point

A

intensive properties

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13
Q

properties can also be classified as ____ and ___ properties

A

physical
chemical

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14
Q

properties that do not change the chemical structure of the biomolecule upon measurement

A

physical properties

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15
Q

properties that change the chemical structure of the biomolecule upon measurement

A

chemical properties

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16
Q

properties:
weight, temperatuure, volume

A

physical properties

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17
Q

flammability, biodegradability

A

chemical properties

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18
Q

refers to the identity and amount of the components of a biomolecule

A

composition

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19
Q

2 types of composition

A

qualitative composition
quantitative composition

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20
Q

refers to the identity of the components of a biomolecule like C, H, O, N

A

qualitative composition

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21
Q

refers to the relative amounts of the components of a biomolecule, like 25% C, 14% H, 6% O, 32% N

A

quantitative composition

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22
Q

refers to the changes that a biomolecule undergoes

A

transformation

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23
Q

(2) types of transformation

A

physical
chemical

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24
Q

refers to changes in physical states

A

physical transformation

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25
Q

transformation:
freezing, melting, vaporization, sublimation, deposition, condensation

A

physical transformation

26
Q

liquid to solid

A

freezing

27
Q

solid to liquid

A

melting

28
Q

liquid to gas

A

vaporization

29
Q

solid to gas

A

sublimation

30
Q

gas to solid

A

deposition

31
Q

gas to liquid

A

condensation

32
Q

the goals of biochemistry

A

understand the structures of biomolecules
understand the relationship between their structures and functions

33
Q

top 10 biochemistry applications

A

breast cancer testing
genetically-modified food
HIV testing
pregnancy testing
molecular cloning
prenatal genetic testing
genetic engineering
phenolketonuria screening
ames test (for cancer)
gene replacement therapy

34
Q

macromolecules or “giant’ molecules

A

biomolecules

35
Q

biomolecules are giant because they are made of hundreds or even thousands of smaller molecules called

A

monomers

36
Q

carbon compounds where life on earth is based

A

biomolecules

37
Q

(4) major biomolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

38
Q

carbohydrates are structurally composed of _____ or _____

A

polyhydroxy aldehydes
ketones

39
Q

some carbohydrates are composed of a single sugar unit called

A

monoaccharide

40
Q

glucose, mannose, fructose

A

monosaccharides

41
Q

other carbohydrats are composed of many sugar units (2-10 sugar units)

A

oligosaccharides

42
Q

other carbohydrats are composed of many sugar units (>10 sugar units)

A

polysaccharides

43
Q

defined by ther solubility in orgnic solvents

A

lipids

44
Q

triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids

A

lipids

45
Q

proteins are composed of ____ linked to each other by _____

A

amino acids
peptide bonds

46
Q

amino acids are organc compounds that contain both ____ and ____

A

amino groups
carboxylic acid groups

47
Q

these biomolecules are found in the nucleus of cells

A

nucleic acids

48
Q

nucleic acids are polymers of ___ linked to each other by ____

A

nucleotides
phosphodiester bonds

49
Q

RNA
DNA

A

nucleic acids

50
Q

what importantdiscovery was attributed to James Watson and Francis Crick

A

the double helical structure of DNA

51
Q

the bond that connects amino acids in proteins are called

A

peptide bonds

52
Q

what biomolecule is defined according to its solubility in non-polar organic compounds

A

lipids

53
Q

what biomolecules are structurally composed of polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

A

carbohydrates

54
Q

why is life defined by its chemistry

A

it is because all living things are made up of atoms reactting with each other in a freely-tuned “molecular dance”

55
Q

trio of scientists that were able to prove that the DNA contains the transmittable traits in living organisms

A

Oswald Avery
Colin MacLeod
Maclyn McCarty

56
Q

what atom(s) serve as the backbone for all biomolecules

A

carbon

57
Q

what bonds connect nucleotides together

A

phosphodiester bond

58
Q

techniue used in elucidation of ribosome structure

A

x-ray crystallography

59
Q

the term macromolecule means ____ molecules

A

big

60
Q

what biomolecules constitue the most significant portion of the cell’s mass aside from water

A

proteins

61
Q

the word “biochemistry was first coined by

A

Carl Neuberg

CHEM022 Biochemistry (4 decks)

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