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Intro To A&P > Protein Synthesis And Cell Life Cycl > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis And Cell Life Cycl Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell’s control center, largest organelle

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2
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane around nucleus

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3
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Communication passages

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4
Q

Components of Nucleus: DNA

A

All info to build and run organisms

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5
Q

Components of Nucleus: Nucleoplasm

A

FLUID containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, some RNA

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6
Q

Nuclear Matrix

A

Support filaments

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7
Q

Nucleoli

A

Related to protein productions; made of RNA, enzymes, histones; synthesizes rRNA and ribosomal subunits

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8
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA coiled around histones

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9
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)

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11
Q

Gene

A

DNA instructions for one protein

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12
Q

Genetic code

A

Sequence of bases

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13
Q

Triplet code

A

3 bases = 1 amino acid

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14
Q

Gene activation: uncoiling of DNA

A

Promoter, terminator

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15
Q

Transcription

A

Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)

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16
Q

Transcription: RNA polymerase

A

Produces messenger RNA (mRNA)

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17
Q

Translation

A

Ribosome reads mRNA, assembles into polypeptide chain, RNA -> protein

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18
Q

3 steps of mRNA transcription

A
  1. Gene activation
  2. DNA to mRNA
  3. RNA processing
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19
Q

Gene activation

A

Uncoils DNA, removes histones
Start (promoter) and stop codes on DNA mark location of gene

20
Q

Gene activation: coding strand

A

Code for protein

21
Q

Gene activation: template strand

A

Used by RNA polymerase molecule

22
Q

DNA to mRNA

A

RNA polymerase transcribes DNA (reads code, binds nucleotides to form mRNA, mRNA duplicates DNA coiling strand)

23
Q

RNA Processing

A

mRNA detaches from DNA molecule
- introns removed, exons spliced together, codon

24
Q

Translation: mRNA moves

A
  • from nucleus through nuclear pore
  • to a ribosome in cytoplasm
  • mRNA binds to ribosomal subunits
  • tRNA delivers amino acids to mRNA
25
Q

Somatic cell: life cycle stages

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
26
Q

Cell Life Cycle: DNA replication

A
  1. Helicase unwinds DNA strands
  2. RNA Polymerase
    - promotes bonding, links nucleotides
27
Q

Interphase

A

Non dividing period

28
Q

Interphase: G-zero

A

Specialized cell functions only

29
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell growth, organelle duplication, protein synthesis

30
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication and histone synthesis

31
Q

G2 phase

A

Finishes protein synthesis and centrioles replication

32
Q

Mitosis

A

Divides duplicated DNA into two sets of chromosomes

33
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein complex around centromere

34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm (clevage, membrane closes)

35
Q

Slower mitotic rate

A

Longer cell life

36
Q

Rarely dividing cells

A

Muscle cells, neurons

37
Q

Skin and digestive tract

A

Exposed cells only live days or hours

38
Q

Increased cell division: internal factors

A

M-phase promoting factor, MPF

39
Q

Increased cell division: extracellular chemical factors

A

Growth factora

40
Q

Decreased cell division

A

Repressor genes, worn out telomeres

41
Q

Cancer develops in steps

A

Abnormal cell, primary tumor, metastasis, secondary tumor

42
Q

Tumor (neoplasm)

A

Enlarged mass of cells, abnormal cell growth + division

43
Q

Benign tumor

A

Contained, not life threatening unless large

44
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Spreads into surrounding tissues (invasion), starts new tumors (metastasis)

45
Q

Differentiation

A

Specializes, form tissues and turning off genes not needed by that cell

Intro To A&P (5 decks)

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