Cell Organelles And Cytoplasm, Membrane Transport

Question 1

Cytology

Answer 1

Study of cellular structure and function

Question 2

Robert Hooke’s Ideas

Answer 2

Cells are building blocks
All cells come from division of preexisting cells
Cells are smallest unit that perform all vital physiology functions
Each cell maintains homeostasis at cellular level

Question 3

Plasma membrane

Answer 3

Lipids and cholesterol
Protein
Carbs

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

Cytosol and organelles

Question 5

Organelles: Cytoskeleton

Answer 5

Microfilament (microvilli), intermediate filament, microtubules

Question 6

Organelles list

Answer 6

Centrosome, centriole, ribosome, proteasome, microvilli, flagella, cilia, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

Question 7

Membrane transport

Answer 7

Diffusion, osmosis/osmolarity, tonicity

Question 8

Functions of plasma membrane

Answer 8

Physical/isolation barrier, regulation of exchange, eliminates waste and releases cellular product, sensitivity, structural

Question 9

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 9

Hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads, barrier to ions and water

Question 10

Membrane Protein: anchoring proteins

Answer 10

Attach to inside or outside structures

Question 11

Membrane Proteins: Recognition Proteins

Answer 11

Label cells as normal or abnormal

Question 12

Membrane Proteins: Enzymes

Answer 12

Catalyze reactions

Question 13

Membrane Proteins: Receptor Proteins

Answer 13

Bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)

Question 14

Membrane Proteins: Carrier Proteins

Answer 14

Transport specific solutes through membrane

Question 15

Membrane Proteins: Channels

Answer 15

Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

Question 16

Cytoplasm: cytosol (intracellular fluid)

Answer 16

Dissolved materials (nutrients, ions, protein, waste prod), high potassium/low sodium, high protein, high carb/low amino acids + fat

Question 17

Cytoskeleton: structural proteins

Answer 17

For shape and strength
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 18

Microvilli

Answer 18

Increase surface area for absorption, attach to cytoskeleton

Question 19

Intermediate filaments

Answer 19

Mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments

Question 20

Intermediate filaments purpose

Answer 20

Durable (collagen), strengthen cell and maintain shape, stabilize organelles, stabilize cell position

Question 21

Cilia

Answer 21

Small hair-like extensions, move fluids

Question 22

Ribosomes

Answer 22

Build polypeptides into protein synthesis

Question 23

Ribosomes: two types are…

Answer 23

Free ribosomes, fixed ribosomes

Question 24

Free ribosomes

Answer 24

Manufacture proteins in cell, in cytoplasm

Question 25

Fixed ribosomes

Answer 25

Attached to ER, manufacture proteins for secretion

Question 26

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) name breakdown

Answer 26

Endo = within Plasm = cytoplasm Reticulum = network

Question 27

Cisternae

Answer 27

Storage containers within membranes in ER

Question 28

ER functions

Answer 28

1. Synthesis of protein, carbs, lipids 2. Storage of synthesized molecules and materials 3. Transport of materials 4. Deoxtification

Question 29

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 29

No ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and carbs

Question 30

SER: synthesizes lipids and carbs such as..

Answer 30

Phospholipids and cholesterol Steroid hormones Glycerides Glycogen

Question 31

RER functions

Answer 31

Active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis Folds polypeptide protein structures Encloses products in transport vesicles

Question 32

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 32

Vesicles entering and leaving; hormones and enzymes released through exocytosis

Question 33

Lysosomes

Answer 33

Digestive enzymes, recycle damaged proteins, autolysis

Question 34

Autolysis

Answer 34

Break up of lysosomes, self destruct to cell decompose

Question 35

Peroxisomes

Answer 35

Enzyme-containing vesicles, Break down fatty acids, organic compilation

Question 36

Mitochondria

Answer 36

Smooth outer membrane, inner membrane w folds (cristae)

Question 37

Mitochondria produces

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

Nucleus

Answer 38

Largest organelle, control cemter

Question 39

Diffusion

Answer 39

Movement down a concentration gradient

Question 40

Osmosis

Answer 40

Movement of water from low solute to high solute

Question 41

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 41

Force needed to equalize water lvld after physical pushing of water

Question 42

Osmotic pressure is equal to

Answer 42

Hydrostatic press.

Question 43

Isotonic

Answer 43

Does not cause osmotic flow of water

Question 44

Hypotonic

Answer 44

Less solute, loses water

Question 45

Hypertonic

Answer 45

More solute, gains water

Question 46

Cells in hypertonic solution

Answer 46

Crenate, water moves out

Question 47

Cells in hypotonic solution

Answer 47

Ruptures (hemolysis)

Question 48

Selectively permeable

Answer 48

Restricts movement; nutrients get in and wastes go out

Question 49

Simple diffusion

Answer 49

Lipid-soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, steroids) Dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Question 50

Channel-mediated diffusion

Answer 50

Water-soluble compounds and ions

Question 51

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 51

Molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein; protein changes shape, molecules pass through

Question 52

Active transport

Answer 52

Pumps that use ATP; move against concentration gradient

Question 53

Endocytosis

Answer 53

Active transport using ATP Receptor-mediated, pinocytosis, phagocytosis

Question 54

Vesicular Transport

Answer 54

Bulk transport, materials move in or out of cells

Question 55

Endocytosis: pinocytodis

Answer 55

Endosomes drink extracellular fluid

Question 56

Phagcytosis

Answer 56

Engulf large objects in phagosomes

Question 57

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 57

Receptors bind target molecules (ligands); coated vesicle (endosome) carries ligands and receptors into cell

Question 58

Exocytosis

Answer 58

Granules/droplets released from cell; opposite of endocytosis