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Core Principles Eduqas Biology A Level > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of nucleotides bases found in DNA that codes for one or more polypeptides

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2
Q

What is a DNA dictionary

A

A grid showing the base triplets on the DNA reference Strand that code for each amino acid

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3
Q

What do genes code for

A

Polypeptides which have structural roles such as keratin and collagen,and metabolic rolls such as channel proteins, enzymes, antibodies and haemoglobin.

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4
Q

How is the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain determined simply?

A

By the sequence of nucleotides bases on the Gene

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5
Q

How many different types of nucleotides bases are found in DNA and what are the ?

A

Four different types A, T, C, G

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6
Q

What kind of code do we call the genetic code and why is it called this?

A

The genetic code is a triplet code which means three bases code for one amino acid. This results in 64 different triplet codes

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7
Q

Why is the genetic code described as degenerate ?

A

Because most amino acids have more than one code (codon - meaning a collection of 3 bases….?) As there are only 20 amino acids used in protein synthesis. Some codons correspond to stop codes which indicate the end of the polypeptide chain

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8
Q

What does the term non overlapping mean in regard to the genetic code?

A

It means each triplet is read separately and no triplet is used for the same Gene

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9
Q

What does the term universal mean in regard to the code?

A

It means the triplet code is widespread and universal for all organisms and viruses.

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10
Q

What are prokaryotic genes like in terms of continuous and non continuous genes?

A

genes are usually continuous, lacking non-coding sequences (introns)

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11
Q

What are eukaryotic genes like in terms of continuous and non continuous genes?

A

The genes are usually discontinuous genes with coding exons and non-coding introns

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12
Q

What does Gene expression mean

A

Transcription and translation

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13
Q

What does the enzyme RNA polymerase do

A

It catalyses the formation of the mRNA molecule by: forms new hydrogen bonds , forms the RNA’s sugar phosphate backbone and catalyses the free nucleotides joining onto the template.

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14
Q

What does the term non-template Strand mean?

A

A coding Strand

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15
Q

What does the term ribonucleotide mean?

A

It’s another name for the free nucleotides

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16
Q

5’ and 3’?

A

This refers to the carbons in the shape. Transcription occurs 3’ to 5’ off the DNA strand, forming an RNA molecule that is 5’ to 3’

17
Q

Comparison of tRNA and mRNA

A

Made of the same sugar and mRNA bases but tRNA structurally forms a different shape.

18
Q

Comparison of DNA vs tRNA and mRNA

A

DNA has T, not U.

DNA has a different sugar- deoxyribose, not ribose

19
Q

What does DNA helicase do ?

A

It works the same way as the direction of transcription, breaking hydrogen bonds.

20
Q

What do pre mRNA and mature mRNA mean?

A

pre mRNA is the result of transcription and is still in the nucleus. Mature mRNA is the result of pre mRNA having undergone post transcriptional modification - just exons left. Mature mRNA is what leaves the nucleus. Both are single stranded.

21
Q

What happens in post transcriptional modification?

A

Introns (non-coding triplets/codons) are spliced out by an enzyme. This is initiated by primers. Does not occur in prokaryotes. DNA ligase makes the remaining triplets join / ‘ligated’ together.

22
Q

What are introns

A

The non coding areas of a gene

23
Q

How does RNA polymerase know when to stop transcribing

A

There is a stop-transcribing sequence, at which point RNA polymerase leaves the DNA

24
Q

What do ribosomes consist of

A

rRNA and protein

25
Q

What happens to make the amino acid attach to a TRNA molecule

A

It is activated by ATP and then attaches to the specific trna molecule

26
Q

What is usually the start codon on Mr n a?

A

AUG

27
Q

Where can polypeptides be further modified and and potentially combined with other polypeptides to create complete protein?

A

Golgi body

28
Q

Define exon

A

A section of pre-mrna, transcribed from DNA, which will code of the protein

29
Q

Define intron

A

A section of pre-mrna, that is removed in post-transcriptional modification

30
Q

Define the one Gene one polypeptide hypothesis

A

This hypothesis suggests that there is a specific, separate Gene that codes to each polypeptide and that they exist on a one-to-one ratio basis.

31
Q

What are the three types of mutation?

A

Deletion, insertion, substitution

32
Q

Deletion

A

A base is lost or deleted

33
Q

Insertion

A

An extra base is added or inserted

34
Q

What is a frameshift mutation

A

Where the reading frame changes, changing the amino acid sequence from this point forward. It can be caused by deletion or insertion

35
Q

Substitution

A

Where one base is substituted for another. If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a missense mutation . if the substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a silent mutation. If a substitution changes the amino acid to a stop it’s called a nonsense mutation

36
Q

Where are DNA fragments broken in regards to 5’ and 3’? (…?)

A

on the 5’ side…?

37
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

cytosine and thymine

38
Q

What are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

Core Principles Eduqas Biology A Level (8 decks)

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