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core principles eduqas biology a level > Carbs 1, Water, Basics > Flashcards

Carbs 1, Water, Basics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

A basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

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2
Q

Molecule

A

An electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong covalent bonds.

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3
Q

Compound

A

A pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by Chemical Reactions.

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4
Q

Element

A

A pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number which is the number of protons in its nucleus.

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5
Q

Ion

A

A charged particle formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

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6
Q

Organic compound

A

Any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon except for the oxides EG Carbon Dioxide.

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7
Q

Inorganic compound

A

Compounds to be of a mineral not biological origin.

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8
Q

Give an example of the universal solvent

A

Water

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9
Q

Water is a polar and ionic molecule. Why will polar substances dissolve in it? How to draw a hydrogen bond?

A

Water molecules are dipoles meaning they are polar molecules with a positive and negative charge separated by very small distance. This means they’re trapped charged particles ions and other polar molecules such as glucose full stop these then dissolve in the Water, by water molecules arranging themselves around ions in solution. Draw lines like this: IIIIIIII

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10
Q

Why is it important that water acts as a universal solvent ?

A

Because water acts as a transport medium in both animals and plants. In animals it takes the form of plasma and transports dissolved substances. In plants it transports minerals in xylem, as well as sucrose and amino acids in the phloem.

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11
Q

Why does high surface tension happen?

A

Because of cohesion.

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12
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Cohesion is where water molecules show a strong attraction to one another and consequently appear to stick together.

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13
Q

How does high surface tension work?

A

The water molecules attraction to one another is initially weak and occurs through the molecules forming hydrogen bonds. However, when many of these weaker bonds combined together, the molecule stick together in a lattice. Molecules on the surface are not affected by molecules above them so pull together more strongly, effectively resembling an elastic sheet.

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14
Q

Why is high surface tension important in animals ?

A

It means the surface of water can be used as a habitat by creatures such as pond skaters.

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15
Q

Why is cohesion important in plants?

A

Cohesion allows columns of water to be drawn up xylem vessels in plants as they stick together.

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16
Q

What is specific heat capacity? What does a high specific heat capacity mean?

A

Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature a substance. So a high specific heat capacity means a large amount of energy is required to raise the temperature of water.

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17
Q

Why is water having a high specific heat capacity important in animals and plants?

A

Because it prevents large fluctuations in water temperature, which is important in keeping aquatic habitat stable. It also allows enzymes within cells to work efficiently.

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18
Q

What is specific latent heat of vaporization and what does it mean to have a high specific latent heat of vaporization in water?

A

Specific latent heat is how much energy is needed to change the state of a substance. high specific latent heat of vaporization in water means a lot of energy is needed to change water from a liquid to a vapour.

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19
Q

How is high latent heat of vaporization important in plants and animals?

A

The high latent heat of vaporization in water used in temperature control, where heat is used to vaporise water from sweat on the skin or from a leaf surface.

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20
Q

What is unique about Waters density in different states?

A

Ice is less dense than water meaning it floats

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21
Q

How is Ice being less dense than water important to plants and animals?

A

Ice can act as a good insulator and therefore prevent large bodies of water from losing heat by floating at the top. This means that organisms beneath the ice can survive.

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22
Q

What is the use of Waters transparency for plants and animals?

A

Water being transparent allows aquatic plants to photosynthesise effectively and means certain animal organs such as the eyes can work effectively.

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23
Q

What are the four ions that are essential to to living organisms normal functions ?

A

Magnesium Mg 2 +
iron Fe 2 +
calcium Ca 2 +
phosphate PO4 3-

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24
Q

What are the three functions of magnesium in living organisms?

A

An important constitute of chlorophyll. Soil without much magnesium in means plants growing in it have yellow leaves, chlorosis. This can stunt growth due to lack of glucose.
Mammals need magnesium for the bones.

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25
Q

What is the function of iron in living organisms?

A

A constituent of haemoglobin. A lack of it in human diet means anaemia will happen

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26
Q

What is the function of calcium in living organisms?

A

Calcium is an important structural component of bones and teeth in mammals and is a component of plant cell walls providing strength.

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27
Q

What is the function of phosphate in living organisms?

A

It is used for making nucleotides , including ATP. It is a constituent of phospholipids, found in biological membranes. It is an important structural component of bones and teeth in mammals.

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28
Q

What is the test for the biological molecule starch?

A

Add Iodine solution as it reacts with starch and shake. If the molecule is present the orange-brown solution becomes blue-black .

29
Q

What is the test for the presence of the biological molecules are reducing sugars? For example glucose .

A

The test is called Benedicts test. Equal volumes of Benedict’s reagent and the solution are heated to a minimum of 70 degrees Celsius. Basically boil for 5-minutes and shake. If the molecule is present the colour of the solution and reagent together will change from blue to Green to yellow to Orange and finally to a brick red precipitate that forms, depending on the concentration of reducing sugars present.

30
Q

Can Benedict’s test be used for non reducing sugars ?

A

If the sugar is non reducing , another process must be followed first, in order to make the solution a reducing sugar. Nothing will happen in the Benedict’s test on its own and the solution will remain blue if the process does not occur first.

31
Q

What is an example of a reducing sugar? What does the category reducing sugars include ?

A

Glucose. All monosaccharides and disaccharides except sucrose count as reducing sugars.

32
Q

What is an example of a non reducing sugar ?

A

Sucrose

33
Q

What is the test for a non reducing sugar? for example sucrose

A

Add 1 cm cubed of hydrochloric acid to the sample and boil for 2 minutes. This hydrolyses the sucrose into glucose and fructose. Then neutralize solution with an alkali. Check the solution is neutral or alkaline with pH indicator paper. Then boil for 5 minutes and shake as with Benedict’s test and the same results occur.

34
Q

What is the test for lipids called ? What could this test detect the presence of specifically?

A

The emulsion test, oils and fats

35
Q

Describe the test for lipids

A

The sample is mixed with absolute ethanol and this dissolves any lipids present. Shake. Add water. The solution is shaken with the equal volume of water and the dissolved lipids then come out of the solution as they are insoluble in water. This forms an emulsion making sample cloudy but importantly still colourless. Hence the colour change that occurs if lipid molecules are present is presence of a cloudy white emulsion.

36
Q

What is the test for protein called ? What could this test for specifically?

A

The biuret test , enzymes and antibodies

37
Q

Describe how to carry out the test for proteins

A

Add drops of biuret reagent and shake. Thee solution will turn purple if protein molecules are present

38
Q

What does a buffer solution do?

A

Maintains pH

39
Q

Variables controlled in experiments?

A 
Temp
Concentrations
pHs
Calibrate relevant apparatus
Volume of reagent and sample
40
Q

What are the four most common elements in living organisms?

A

Hydrogen carbon oxygen and nitrogen

41
Q

What is a metabolite ?

A

A substance that facilitates and has a role in chemical reactions for example water. Up

42
Q

What is the role of water as a metabolite?

A

As a reactant in photosynthesis, hydrolysis, as a product of aerobic respiration and condensation reactions.

43
Q

What does water to provide beginning with s and b?

A

Water provides support and buoyancy

44
Q

How would you improve reliability of an experiment?

A

Repeat experiment

45
Q

What are the molecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

46
Q

What is the term used to describe a single un repeated unit?

A

Monomer

47
Q

What is the term used to describe 2 identical repeated units?

A

Dimer

48
Q

What is the term used to describe a a chain of multiple repeated units ?

A

Polymer

49
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A water molecule is released , a new covalent bond is formed and a larger molecule made.

50
Q

What is a good example of where condensation reactions take place?

A

In the cytoplasm of cells as enzymes are there initiating condensation , making bigger molecules.

51
Q

What bond is formed and in the making of maltose in a condensation reaction?

A

A glycosidic bond is formed . look at notes in booklet for actual drawn process.

52
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction where a water molecule is added, breaking the covalent bond, creating two smaller molecules . it is usually initiated by acid or enzymes.

53
Q

What is the chemical formula for the condensation reaction forming hexose disaccharides?

A

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12O22O11 + H2O

54
Q

Where is starch found in high concentrations ?

A

In seeds and storage organs like potato tubers

55
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

It is main store of glucose for plants

56
Q

How many polymers are there of starch? What are they?

A

There are two polymers and they’re called amylose and amylopectin

57
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Alpha glucose molecules that are bonded together in different ways resulting in the two polymers.

58
Q

state three features of starch

A

It carries lots of energy in carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds. Starch is a compact molecule so can be stored in small spaces. Starch is insoluble and therefore has no osmotic effect on a cell. Starch cannot diffuse out of a cell as it is a large molecule

59
Q

What shape do amylose molecules make?

A

They are a chain so they coil into a helix, making it compact.

60
Q

What shape are amylose molecules in terms of being branched ?

A

They are linear and unbranched molecules

61
Q

How do the the alpha glucose molecules in amylose Bond together?

A

They form (alpha symbol)-1,4-glycosidic bonds

62
Q

What shape are amylopectin molecules?

A

They are heavily branched molecules that can fit inside amylose molecules

63
Q

What bonds do amylopectin molecules have?

A

They are formed of (alpha symbol)-1,4-glycosidic bonded chains, cross-linked with (alpha symbol)-1,6-glycosidic bonds that form the ‘branching off’.

64
Q

Why does glucose need to be stored as starch glycogen or cellulose?

A

Glucose is soluble in water. It would therefore increase the concentration of cell contents and draw water in through osmosis, ultimately ending in cell lysis. As a result glucose needs to be stored more effectively.

65
Q

Why do organisms need glucose?

A

Because it is the main source of energy

66
Q

What does it mean for something to be polar?

A

It has an uneven distribution of charges within a compound

67
Q

What is a hydrogen Bond?

A

Relatively weak Bond formed when partially positively charged groups come close to partially negative charged groups for example water, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, between organic

68
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid that dissolves solids / solute

core principles eduqas biology a level (8 decks)

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